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7 results

  • Childhood trauma, attachment orientation, and complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms in a clinical sample: Implications for treatment

  • Thanos Karatzias, Mark Shevlin, Julian D. Ford, Claire Fyvie, Graeme Grandison, Philip Hyland, Marylene Cloitre
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology / Volume 34 / Issue 3 / August 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 January 2021, pp. 1192-1197
    • Article
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  • Although there has been significant work on the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and attachment orientation, this is less the case for complex PTSD (CPTSD). The primary aim of this paper was to assess the strength of the association between the four adult attachment styles (i.e., secure, dismissing, preoccupied, and fearful) and severity of CPTSD symptoms (i.e., symptoms of PTSD and disturbances in self-organization [DSO]). We hypothesized that attachment orientation would be more strongly associated with DSO symptoms compared to PTSD symptoms. A trauma exposed clinical sample (N = 331) completed self-report measures of traumatic life events, CPTSD symptoms, and attachment orientation. It was found that secure attachment and fearful attachment were significantly associated with DSO symptoms but not with PTSD symptoms. Dismissing attachment style was significantly associated with PTSD and DSO symptoms. Preoccupied attachment was not significantly associated with CPTSD symptoms. Treatment implications for CPTSD using an attachment framework are discussed.

  • Chapter 7 - Complex adult sequelae of early life exposure to psychological trauma

  • from Section 1 - Early life trauma: impact on health and disease
  • Edited by Ruth A. Lanius, University of Western Ontario, Eric Vermetten, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands, Clare Pain, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease
    Published online:
    03 May 2011
    Print publication:
    05 August 2010, pp 69-76

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the sequelae in adulthood of traumatic victimization experienced in early childhood (that is, infancy, toddlerhood, and early school years). Adult survivors of early childhood traumatic victimization are at risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and for heightened anxiety, depression and suicidality, addiction, personality disorders, antisocial or violent behavior, serious mental illness and sexual disorders. Several methodological limitations suggest caution in interpreting the findings from studies on the effects of childhood traumatic victimization on adult functioning and health. The impact of psychological trauma and the etiology and course of post-traumatic disorders differ for males and females in several respects, such that gender may moderate the adverse effects of early life psychological trauma. Minority ethno-racial background is consistently associated with increased risk of childhood psychological trauma, including loss, domestic violence and sexual abuse.

  • 22 - Utilization of Mental Health Services after Disasters

  • from Part Five - Interventions And Health Services
  • Edited by Yuval Neria, Columbia University, New York, Sandro Galea, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Fran H. Norris
  • Book:
    Mental Health and Disasters
    Published online:
    07 May 2010
    Print publication:
    20 July 2009, pp 366-384

  • Summary

    This chapter considers the various postdisaster social dynamics in considerable depth, with particular focus on social support. Social support is most often referred to as social interactions that provide individuals with actual assistance and embed them into a web of social relationships perceived to be loving, caring, and readily available in times of need. The chapter summarizes existing empirical research on the mobilization of support in the aftermath of disasters; this is the research that descends most directly from the early observations of Kutak, Fritz, Barton, and other disaster sociologists. The chapter also summarizes research on deterioration of support in the aftermath of disasters, an observation that emerged later in disaster studies, but just as prominently, that sense of community was sometimes destroyed by catastrophic events. It describes the impact of received and perceived social support on the mental health of disaster survivors.

  • Diagnostic alterations for post-traumatic stress disorder: examining data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and National Survey of Adolescents

  • Jon D. Elhai, Julian D. Ford, Kenneth J. Ruggiero, B. Christopher Frueh
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 39 / Issue 12 / December 2009
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 April 2009, pp. 1957-1966
    Print publication:
    December 2009
  • Background

    Two alternative models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to represent the disorder's latent structure better than the traditional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) three-factor PTSD model. The present study examines the impact of using these structural models for the diagnosis of lifetime PTSD while retaining the DSM-IV PTSD's six-symptom diagnostic requirement.

    Method

    Data were gathered from large-scale, epidemiological datasets collected with adults (National Comorbidity Survey Replication) and adolescents (National Survey of Adolescents). Two alternative, empirically supported four-factor models of PTSD were compared with the DSM-IV three-factor PTSD diagnostic model.

    Results

    Results indicated that the diagnostic alterations resulted in substantially improved structural validity, downward adjustments of PTSD's lifetime prevalence (roughly 1 percentage point decreases in adults, 1–2.5 percentage point decreases in adolescents), and equivalent psychiatric co-morbidity and sociodemographic associations.

    Conclusions

    Implications for modifying PTSD diagnostic criteria in future editions of DSM are discussed.

  • Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among women in community mental health aftercare following psychiatric intensive care

  • Julian D Ford, Debra Fournier
  • Journal:
    Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / June 2007
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 September 2007, pp. 27-34
    Print publication:
    June 2007

  • Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among adults with severe mental illness, but their impact on the psychosocial and physical health-related impairment of women with major mental illnesses is not known. A sample of 35 low-income urban women receiving community mental health services for severe and chronic mental illness was assessed with psychometrically validated structured interview instruments for psychiatric diagnosis, lifetime history of exposure to traumatic stressors, PTSD, substance use, health-related impairment, and complex psychosocial problems. Exposure to multiple types of traumatic stressors was reported by 98% of respondents, and more than half met criteria for lifetime PTSD (44% for current PTSD). Current PTSD prevalence was highest (>56%) when traumatic loss, sexual abuse, physical abuse, traumatic assault, or community violence were reported. A history of childhood sexual abuse or PTSD or both were associated with use of multiple substances and complex psychosocial problems. Assessment and treatment of complex PTSD appears warranted in psychiatric intensive care and community aftercare for women with severe mental illness.