OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: By combining clinical knowledge of hoarding disorder (HD) with qualitative methods from cultural anthropology, we hope to build a patient-centered approach that will allow us to better understand the clinician perspectives on patient motivations and explanatory models of individuals with HD, and improve treatment outcomes. We describe the ways that these methodologies are productively merged in this project as a result of TL1 collaboration, and present a preliminary picture of methodological and theoretical issues uncovered as part of this processes. We further describe the analytical methods used for this project, and explore issues raised through the combination of psychological and anthropological data and insights. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study represents an attempt to combine the qualitative methodologies of cultural anthropology with the clinical knowledge of psychology and psychiatry in order to better understand gaps between provider and patient beliefs and knowledge about hoarding disorder. This study will present preliminary methodological issues arising from interviews with hoarding experts. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: This study will discuss preliminary issues including shared language, strengths and limitations of both disciplines, and factors for consideration when combining these disparate methodologies. It will close with recommendations for consideration when moving forward with similar collaborations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This project seeks to unite psychological and social factors that may contribute to the lived experience of individuals with HD in order to better understand the way that HD is manifested. It also unites disparate methodologies to provide us with a more holistic and complete picture of the experience of HD. While HD has been studied within psychiatry, it has never been assessed using the qualitative methods of anthropology. These methods provide the possibility of expanding knowledge about the ways that this disorder is experienced by individuals and their families, and potentially impacted by shared beliefs and cultures. Furthermore, qualitative data of this nature provides a patient perspective on the experience of HD as a psychiatric illness. This patient perspective can be used to better inform treatment, improve patient outcomes, and to allow providers and researchers to gain a fuller understanding of this complex population.

Johninnesite, ideally Na2Mg4Mn12As5+2 Si12043(OH)6,, is triclinic, P1 or P1̄, with a = 10.44(2), b = 11.064(6), c = 9.62(1) Å, α = 107.43(7), β = 82.7(1), γ = 111.6(1)°, V = 894(2) Å3, and Z = 1. It occurs as yellow-brown fibrous aggregates, associated with rhodonite, kentrolite, and richterite, from the Kombat Mine in Namibia. Johninnesite has cleavages on {100} and {010}, density of 3.48 (meas.), 3.51 (calc.) g/cm3. It is biaxial negative, with 2Vx = 41.9°, α = 1.6742(4), β = 1.6968(3), γ = 1.6999(3); dispersion r > υ, distinct.

Ganophyllite from Franklin, New Jersey, Pajsberg, Sweden, and the Benallt Mine, Wales, has been chemically reinvestigated. Twelve new analyses confirm the general structure of Kato (1980) and yield the tentative formula (K,Na,Ca)2Mn8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)32(OH)4·8H2O. There is little solid solution among octahedral cations, and the Si:Al ratio is nearly constant at 10:2. Ca and (Na + K) are apparently differentiated, but all examined ganophyllites are K-rich. Much of the water content is loosely bound and the upper limit of water content is not well defined. Ganophyllite is relatively invariant in chemical composition from locality to locality.

Sakhaite from the Kombat Mine in Namibia is cubic, with a = 14.749(1)Å; the space group is a subgroup of Fd3m, the density is 2.88 g/cm3, and the index of refraction is n = 1.642(2). It is apparently more highly hydrated than previously described sakhaite, and has more aluminosilicate substitution. The idealized composition is Ca24Mg8(BO3)8[(BO3)y{AlSi4(O,OH)<16}x](CO3)8.< 8H2O with x = 0.73 and y = 5.0.

This selective review provides an overview of salient research findings related to employers' attitudes towards disability and prospective influences on employers to improve employment outcomes of people with disabilities. Research studies included for review are mainly those which investigated employer attitudes towards disability as predispositions to hiring people with disability. Selected studies were classified into three categories including hiring and accommodating employees with disabilities, work performance, and affective reactions and behavioural intentions of employers. Excluded from the review were studies that investigated other factors influencing employer attitudes toward disability. Altogether 34 research studies from the period of 1987 until 2012 were included in the review. Primary databases for the review included ProQuest, Ebscohost, Lexus Nexus, ERICK Database and the Sage Sociology Collection. This review of the demand-side employment literature suggests employers hold relatively positive attitudes regarding individuals with disabilities. However, employer affective reactions and behavioural intentions of employers towards disability in the work setting were less positive and negatively impact hiring decisions, provision of accommodations and work performance appraisals. Employer attitudes represent an important demand-side factor impacting full participation in competitive employment for individuals with disabilities. While employers report generally positive attitudes toward disability, hiring practices may still be discriminatory. Use by rehabilitation professionals of demand-side strategies with employers would likely result in higher rates of work participation by people with disabilities.

Diatoms are well known for the intricately patterned nanostructure of their silica-based cell walls. To date, the optical properties of diatom cell-wall ultrastructures have largely gone uncharacterized experimentally. Here we report the results of a detailed experimental investigation of the way in which light interacts with the ultrastructure of a representative centric diatom species, Coscinodiscus wailesii. Light interaction both with individual valves and whole bivalves of the diatom C. wailesii was measured. Significant sixfold symmetric diffraction through the valve ultrastructure was observed in transmission and quantified to efficiencies that were found to be strongly wavelength dependent; approximately 80% for red, 30% for green, and 20% for blue light. While these results may potentially offer insight into the role of periodic nanostructure in diatom selection, they are also important for consideration in the design of biomimetic optics-based diatom applications.

Electromagnetic shields and flux concentrators for magnetic sensors could utilize flexible and insulating composites applied using simple thin film deposition methods such as dip-coating, spin-coating, spraying, etc. As the first step towards development of composites with superior performance, efforts focused on isolating nanoparticles with large magnetizations under low fields. In this paper, we provide the results of proof-of-concept studies for two systems: metal-functionalized silicone-based materials (metal-silicone); and, Co-ferrite (Co2+1−xFe2+xFe3+2O4) nanoparticles. The metal-silicone materials studied included a polysiloxane that contained a pendant ferrocene where an optimum saturization magnetization of 5.9 emu/g (coercivity = 11 Oe) was observed. Co-ferrite nanoparticle samples prepared in this study showed unprecendented saturation magnetization (i.e., Ms > 150 emu/g) with low coercivity (Hc ∼ 10 Oe) at room temperature and offer potential application as flux concentrators.