A major goal of Gardner, Ryan, and Snoeyink (2018) was to determine what steps are needed moving forward in examining gender representation in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. Specifically, on the topic of pay differences, we highlight that gender differences in pay are in part due to differences in negotiation behaviors and/or experiences. Prior research demonstrates that female negotiators receive greater backlash than male negotiators—a possible explanation to why men tend to negotiate more often and more successfully than women (Bowles, Babcock, & Lai, 2007). Based on this evidence, one next step in moving forward should involve providing resources and knowledge to improve negotiation skills and practices specifically aimed at eliminating differences between women and men in both propensity to negotiate and the evaluation/consequences of negotiating.

The development of algorithms for agile science and autonomous exploration has been pursued in contexts ranging from spacecraft to planetary rovers to unmanned aerial vehicles to autonomous underwater vehicles. In situations where time, mission resources and communications are limited and the future state of the operating environment is unknown, the capability of a vehicle to dynamically respond to changing circumstances without human guidance can substantially improve science return. Such capabilities are difficult to achieve in practice, however, because they require intelligent reasoning to utilize limited resources in an inherently uncertain environment. Here we discuss the development, characterization and field performance of two algorithms for autonomously collecting water samples on VALKYRIE (Very deep Autonomous Laser-powered Kilowatt-class Yo-yoing Robotic Ice Explorer), a glacier-penetrating cryobot deployed to the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska (Mission Control location: 61°42′09.3″N 147°37′23.2″W). We show performance on par with human performance across a wide range of mission morphologies using simulated mission data, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms at autonomously collecting samples with high relative cell concentration during field operation. The development of such algorithms will help enable autonomous science operations in environments where constant real-time human supervision is impractical, such as penetration of ice sheets on Earth and high-priority planetary science targets like Europa.

The behavioural responses of scavenging animals to mackerel (Scomber scombrus) baits were studied by short-term video photography in shallow water (16–18 m depth) at Lough Hyne, Ireland. Earliest arrivals (after seconds/minutes) at baits were small fish or swimming crabs (Liocarcinus depurator), followed by crawling portunid crabs. After tens of minutes, juvenile whelks 2–4 mm shell length (Nassarius reticulatus and/or Nassarius incrassatus) sometimes arrived to feed. They moved at a mean speed of 1.24 (SD 0.392) mm s−1. After tens of minutes or hours, single large scavengers arrived, consuming most of the bait; the most common of these were Cancer pagurus that fed in a wasteful fashion, generating large quantities of mackerel scraps. Cancer pagurus moved into view at a mean speed of 48.7 (SD 16.9) mm s−1(39 times the whelk speed). A single individual of C. pagurus (197 mm carapace width) arrived at a bait carrying 24 juvenile whelks on the dorsal surface of its carapace. No whelks were present on walking legs or chelipeds. The crab fed for 6.8 min and 3 whelks fell off before it departed. The nature of this crab/whelk association is discussed; on balance it appears that it is a previously unreported example of phoresy/phoresis. No whelks were observed being carried by other edible crabs or upon large numbers of scavenging portunid crabs.

If teaching is not the oldest profession, it certainly has a long historical pedigree. The frustrations teaching evokes likely have an equally long pedigree. One sees in Plato's Republic, for example, Socrates' frustration in trying to convey to Glaukon the aims of the educational scheme he is presenting to his interlocutors in Book 8. His evident difficulties relaying this information have doubtless struck sympathetic chords in the breasts of countless generations of teachers. Frustration has certainly been the case for the present authors, particularly in teaching the analysis and understanding of secondary commentary on classic texts; when reading such articles, students express puzzlement about the long debate over seemingly trivial points. Many come away from such classes convinced it is not worth investing time in understanding classic texts because the discussion of them centers on apparently arcane and obscure grammatical, historical, or technical questions. This essay presents an approach with which the authors have had some measure of success in helping students “see the point” of this especially difficult dimension of analyzing and understanding texts and authors. Our approach teaches students to identify and appreciate the “agenda argument” often put forward by such commentators. An “agenda argument” is a contemporary scholar's effort to address a current problem or issue through critical reflection on an iconic text or author in the field. The term “agenda” is appropriate because it clarifies that the scholar has an interest in an underlying general claim through discussion of the technical points being debated. In other words, the scholar has a larger agenda in mind that guides the selection of issues and determines the use of points in the text.

Aluminum nitride (AlN) films are being investigated for piezoelectric and high temperature applications, but the piezoelectric response is still much lower than that of more common piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate or zinc oxide. A method of maximizing the piezoelectric response of aluminum nitride has been explored by depositing stack structures composed of aluminum nitride and platinum. These stack structures were created by depositing a thin, ∼50nm, metal layer in between thicker, ∼150-350nm, layers of the piezoelectric film. Platinum was chosen as the metal interlayer due to the tendency of AlN to become highly c-oriented when deposited on Pt. An electric field was applied across the structure and displacements were measured using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer. A maximum piezoelectric coefficient d33 was found to be over two times larger than the theoretical value for AlN (3.9pm/V). However, some of the stack structures were found to be conductive when measuring the displacement. I-V measurements as well as Fowler-Nordheim theory and plots were applied to investigate tunneling due to high electric fields in the structures.

Fourteen steps of spermatid development in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), from the newly formed spermatid to the release of the spermatozoon into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, were recognised at the ultrastructural level using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This study confirmed that although the main events are generally similar, the process of the differentiation of the spermatid in marsupials is notably different and relatively more complex than that in most studied eutherian mammals and birds. For example, the sperm head rotated twice in the late stage of spermiogenesis: the shape of the spermatid changed from a T-shape at step 10 into a streamlined shape in step 14, and then back to T-shape in the testicular spermatozoa. Some unique figures occurring during the spermiogenesis in other marsupial species, such as the presence of Sertoli cell spurs, the nuclear ring and the subacrosomal space, were also found in the tammar wallaby. However, an important new finding of this study was the development of the postacrosome complex (PAC), a special structure that was first evident as a line of electron dense material on the nuclear membrane of the step 7 spermatid. Subsequently it became a discontinuous line of electron particles, and migrated from the ventral side of the nucleus to the area just behind the posterior end of the acrosome, which was closely located to the sperm–egg fusion site proposed for Monodelphis domestica (Taggart et al. 1993). The PAC and its possible role in both American and Australian marsupials requires detailed examination. Distinct immature features were discovered in the wallaby testicular spermatozoa. A scoop shape of the acrosome was found on the testicular spermatozoa of the tammar wallaby, which was completely different to the compact button shape of acrosome in ejaculated spermatozoa. The fibre network found beneath the cytoplasm membrane of the midpiece of the ejaculated sperm also did not occur in the testicular spermatozoa, although the structure of the principal piece was fully formed and had no obvious morphological difference from that of the epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. The time frame of the formation of morphologically mature spermatozoa in the epididymis of the tammar wallaby needs to be determined by further studies.

Pregnancy and the post-partum period are generally regarded as maturational crises equal in importance to those of adolescence and the menopause. Stresses undergone during this period include (a) endocrine changes, (b) activation of unconscious psychological conflicts pertaining to pregnancy and (c) the intrapsychic reorganization of becoming a mother. In light of this, it seems likely that clinically significant interactions of psychosocial and endocrine factors will be found in the aetiology of these disorders. The first month post-partum shows the greatest incidence of overt mental illness (7, 9), and this has led many to relate this disturbance to the termination of placental function and the metabolic and/or endocrine changes accompanying this.