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Science and the State
  • From the Scientific Revolution to World War II
  • John Gascoigne
  • Published online:
    11 March 2019
    Print publication:
    21 March 2019
  • Was it coincidence that the modern state and modern science arose at the same time? This overview of the relations of science and state from the Scientific Revolution to World War II explores this issue, synthesising a range of approaches from history and political theory. John Gascoigne argues the case for an ongoing mutual dependence of the state and science in ways which have promoted the consolidation of both. Drawing on a wide body of scholarship, he shows how the changing functions of the state have brought a wider engagement with science, while the possibilities that science make available have increased the authority of the state along with its prowess in war. At the end of World War II, the alliance between science and state was securely established and, Gascoigne argues, is still firmly embodied in the post-war world.

  • 1 - The Globe Encompassed: France and Pacific Convergences in the Age of the Enlightenment

  • Edited by John West-Sooby, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Discovery and Empire
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 April 2014
    Print publication:
    01 October 2013, pp 17-40

  • Summary

    Divergence and Convergence in World History

    Divergence and convergence—these are the two great tidal movements which have shaped human history. From the remote origins of humankind in Africa, the history of humankind was largely characterised by divergence, with the history of the great Polynesian diaspora into the uncharted seas of the Pacific forming the last major chapter of this great scattering of humanity. This great outward wave of human settlement found its furthest shore with the settling of New Zealand around the period 1000–1200 AD. But this was also the period when the tide of human outward settlement began to recede, drawing together an increasing number of peoples and cultures which had once existed in relative isolation. As Northrup, to whose 2005 article I am indebted for this way of looking at world history (along with the recent works by the McNeills and Fernandez-Armesto), argues, from 1000 onwards we are increasingly in an age of convergence as different societies were more and more linked together in what eventually became a global network. In Europe, for example, from the time of the First Crusade of 1096–1099, Europe was in increasing, if belligerent, contact with its Islamic neighbours and its contact with a still wider world grew as the rapid expansion of the Mogul Empire in the thirteenth century drew together chains of connection that stretched to the Far East.

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