This study tested the hypothesis that within older Barbadian adults, sex, education, and occupation type lessen age-related cognitive decline. The analyses used a cross-sectional data set from 1325 people collected in the 2006 SABE Study (Health, Well-being, and Aging). Cognition was assessed as scores in each subdomain of the Mini-Mental State Exam. The loss of a single point in each subdomain was predicted by sex, years of education, job type, and their interactions with age. Results demonstrated that age and protective factors affect each cognitive domain differently. High education combined with mentally complex employment helped maintain cognitive performance in later life. Beneficial lifetime exposures are additive, providing combined benefits. Findings provide insight into public policy aiming to minimize the number of adults with cognitive decline and dementia in Barbados and the Caribbean.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Advanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging techniques can help to protect cancer patients from cardiotoxicity from immunotherapy with a more sensitive assessment of cardiac function with strain imaging for detection of abnormal cardiac function in the setting of normal left ventricular ejection fraction. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are associated with fatal cardiotoxicity. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging can assess ICI-associated cardiotoxicity, but the utility of CMR strain imaging is unknown. We present a study of patients with ICI-associated cardiotoxicity evaluated with fast strain-encoded (fast-SENC) CMR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This prospective study was approved by the institutional IRB and informed consent was obtained from 15 patients (5 patients with ICI-associated cardiotoxicity, 10 controls patients) between August 2018 and January 2020. All patients with ICI-associated cardiotoxicity had abnormal troponin values and evidence of cardiotoxicity on T2-weighted and/or delayed enhancement CMR images. All patients underwent standard CMR assessment with steady state free precession cine images, T2-weighted imaging, and delayed gadolinium enhancement imaging. Additionally, free-breathing SENC images were obtained and then processed by a team of blinded cardiovascular imaging specialists using Myostrain software (Morrisville, USA). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal in both groups (ï,³53%). Global longitudinal LV strain was significantly depressed in the ICI cardiotoxicity group versus controls (-12.8 ±3.2% vs. -16.6 ±1.9%, p=0.028). The average global circumferential LV strain was mildly abnormal (defined as strain > -17) in the ICI cardiotoxicity group and trended towards a higher value compared with controls (-16.0 ±2.6% vs -17.8 ±1.7%, p=0.103). The average number of dysfunctional segments (defined as strain > -10) was significantly higher in the ICI cardiotoxicity group (6.8 ±4.2 vs. 1.0 ±1.7, p=0.017). The proportion of abnormal myocardium was higher in the ICI cardiotoxicity group (66 ±21% vs. 45 ±18%, p=0.050), as well as the proportion of myocardium found to be dysfunctional (26 ±22% vs. 3.0 ±6.0%, p=0.041). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Despite having preserved LVEF, patients who met criteria for ICI-associated cardiotoxicity had both global and regional abnormal LV strain. Fast-SENC imaging may provide a sensitive tool for detection of early cardiotoxicity in this population. This study is limited by its small cohort and a larger prospective study would be of value.

The last 85,000 years were characterized by high climate and environmental variability on the Yucatán Peninsula. Heinrich stadials are examples of abrupt climate transitions that involved shifts in regional temperatures and moisture availability. Thus, they serve as natural experiments to evaluate the contrasting responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We used ostracodes and pollen preserved in a 75.9-m-long sediment core (PI-6, ~85 ka) recovered from Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala, to assess the magnitude and velocity of community responses. Ostracodes are sensitive to changes in water temperature and conductivity. Vegetation responds to shifts in temperature and the ratio of evaporation to precipitation. Ostracodes display larger and more rapid community changes than does vegetation. Heinrich Stadial 5-1 (HS5-1) was cold and dry and is associated with lower ostracode and vegetation species richness and diversity. In contrast, the slightly warmer and dry conditions during HS6 and HS5a are reflected in higher ostracode species richness and diversity. Our paleoecological study revealed the greatest ecological turnover for ostracodes occurred from 62.5 to 51.0 ka; for pollen, it was at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. Future studies should use various climate and environmental indicators from lake and marine sediment records to further explore late glacial paleoclimate causes and effects in the northern neotropics.

Glacier surface mass-balance measurements on Greenland started more than a century ago, but no compilation exists of the observations from the ablation area of the ice sheet and local glaciers. Such data could be used in the evaluation of modelled surface mass balance, or to document changes in glacier melt independently from model output. Here, we present a comprehensive database of Greenland glacier surface mass-balance observations from the ablation area of the ice sheet and local glaciers. The database spans the 123 a from 1892 to 2015, contains a total of ~3000 measurements from 46 sites, and is openly accessible through the PROMICE web portal (http://www.promice.dk). For each measurement we provide X, Y and Z coordinates, starting and ending dates as well as quality flags. We give sources for each entry and for all metadata. Two thirds of the data were collected from grey literature and unpublished archive documents. Roughly 60% of the measurements were performed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS, previously GGU). The data cover all regions of Greenland except for the southernmost part of the east coast, but also emphasize the importance of long-term time series of which there are only two exceeding 20 a. We use the data to analyse uncertainties in point measurements of surface mass balance, as well as to estimate surface mass-balance profiles for most regions of Greenland.

Measures of brain and hippocampal volume in 40 healthy young (aged 18–30 years) and 36 healthy elderly (aged 60–83 years) subjects were compared with composite cognitive function scores in three conceptual domains: memory ability, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence. Through a series of general linear models testing the relationship between these brain measures and cognitive performance scores, a significant positive relationship between hippocampal volume and fluid intelligence ability was found in elderly subjects but not in young. No relationship between the other cognitive domains and brain or hippocampal volume was found. The findings suggest a role of hippocampal atrophy in the decline in fluid intelligence in the elderly. (JINS, 2011, 17, 000–000)

We present limits on transit timing variations and secondary eclipse depth variations at 8 microns with the Spitzer Space Telescope IRAC camera. Due to the weak limb darkening in the infrared and uninterrupted observing, Spitzer provides the highest accuracy transit times for this bright system, in principle providing sensitivity to secondary planets of Mars mass in resonant orbits. Finally, the transit data provides tighter constraints on the wavelength-dependent atmospheric absorption by the planet.

Background: Research with nondepressed adults suggests that social networks and social support are stable over the life course until very late age. This may not hold true for older adults with depression. We examined baseline status and trajectories of social networks and social support at the group and individual levels over five years.

Methods: The sample consisted of 339 initially depressed adults aged 59 or older (M = 69 years) enrolled in a naturalistic study of depression. Measures of social ties, including social network size, frequency of interaction, instrumental support, and subjective support, were administered at baseline and yearly for five years.

Results: Latent growth curve models were estimated for each aspect of social ties. On average, social network size and frequency of interaction were low at baseline and remained stable over time, whereas subjective and instrumental support were high at baseline yet increased over time. There was significant variation in the direction and rate of change over time, which was not predicted by demographic or clinical factors.

Conclusions: Because increasing social networks may be ineffective and may not be possible for a portion of people who already receive maximal support, interventions to increase social support may only work for a portion of older depressed adults.