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9 results

  • Efficacy and tolerability of psychostimulants for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Hsien-Jane Chiu, Cheuk-Kwan Sun, Yu-Shian Cheng, Ming Yu Wang, Ruu-Fen Tzang, Feng-Li Lin, Ying-Chih Cheng, Weilun Chung
  • Journal: European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue 1 / 2023
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 February 2023, e24
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    Background

    There was no previous meta-analysis investigating the efficacy/tolerability of psychostimulants for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschool children.

    Methods

    Databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to March 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on therapeutic efficacy of psychostimulants against ADHD symptoms in preschool children (age ≤6 years) compared with placebos. Primary outcomes were (a) changes in ADHD symptoms evaluated by validated rating scales from parents’/teacher’s observation, or (b) post-intervention improvements in neuropsychological performance. Secondary outcomes were risks of adverse events.

    Results

    Meta-analysis of nine eligible trials including 544 preschool children (mean age=4.86 years, female=11.98%, median treatment duration=4.33 weeks) supported the efficacy of psychostimulants against global symptoms from observations of parents (Hedges’ g=0.6152, p<0.0001) and teachers (Hedges’ g=0.6563, p=0.0039). Efficacy of psychostimulants was also noted against symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, especially the latter (i.e., main symptoms in preschool children). Moreover, male gender, older age, and longer treatment duration were associated with better efficacy. Regarding adverse events, only the risk of poor appetite was higher in the psychostimulant group (odds ratio [OR]=2.39). However, the qualities of evidence were low to very low, indicating potential discrepancy between the true and estimated effect.

    Conclusions

    Our results showed that psychostimulants might be beneficial for preschool children with ADHD, especially hyperactivity/impulsivity from teachers’ observation, with tolerable side effects. Nevertheless, the true magnitude of the effect needs to be confirmed with more research due to low to very low certainty of the evidence.

  • Leader–Member Relationship and Burnout: The Moderating Role of Leader Integrity
  • Jane Y. Jiang, Kenneth S. Law, James J. M. Sun
  • Journal: Management and Organization Review / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / July 2014
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 June 2015, pp. 223-247
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    In this study, we propose and test the idea that a strong relationship between leader and follower will be associated with the subordinate’s burnout. We base the study on the leader–member exchange framework (LMX), resource exchange theory, and the job demands–resources model of burnout, and conceptualize that a strong LMX is associated with burnout in two ways: high LMX involves high job demands, which lead to exhaustion; low LMX involves low job resources, which leads to cynicism. We propose that the relationship between LMX and the two forms of burnout will be stronger when the leader is perceived to be low on moral integrity. Using a survey of 218 employees, we find support for the hypotheses. Implications for future research and managerial practices are discussed.

  • Risk of dementia after anaesthesia and surgery
  • Pin-Liang Chen, Chih-Wen Yang, Yi-Kuan Tseng, Wei-Zen Sun, Jane-Ling Wang, Shuu-Jiun Wang, Yen-Jen Oyang, Jong-Ling Fuh
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 204 / Issue 3 / March 2014
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 188-193
  • Print publication: March 2014
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    Background

    The potential relationship between anaesthesia, surgery and onset of dementia remains elusive.

    Aims

    To determine whether the risk of dementia increases after surgery with anaesthesia, and to evaluate possible associations among age, mode of anaesthesia, type of surgery and risk of dementia.

    Method

    The study cohort comprised patients aged 50 years and older who were anaesthetised for the first time since 1995 between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007, and a control group of randomly selected patients matched for age and gender. Patients were followed until 31 December 2010 to identify the emergence of dementia.

    Results

    Relative to the control group, patients who underwent anaesthesia and surgery exhibited an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio = 1.99) and a reduced mean interval to dementia diagnosis. The risk of dementia increased in patients who received intravenous or intramuscular anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia and general anaesthesia.

    Conclusions

    The results of our nationwide, population-based study suggest that patients who undergo anaesthesia and surgery may be at increased risk of dementia.

  • Twins Eye Study in Tasmania (TEST): Rationale and Methodology to Recruit and Examine Twins
  • David A. Mackey, Jane R. MacKinnon, Shayne A. Brown, Lisa S. Kearns, Jonathan B. Ruddle, Paul G. Sanfilippo, Cong Sun, Christopher J. Hammond, Terri L. Young, Nicholas G. Martin, Alex W. Hewitt
  • Journal: Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 12 / Issue 5 / 01 October 2009
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 February 2012, pp. 441-454
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    Visual impairment is a leading cause of morbidity and poor quality of life in our community. Unravelling the mechanisms underpinning important blinding diseases could allow preventative or curative steps to be implemented. Twin siblings provide a unique opportunity in biology to discover genes associated with numerous eye diseases and ocular biometry. Twins are particularly useful for quantitative trait analysis through genome-wide association and linkage studies. Although many studies involving twins rely on twin registries, we present our approach to the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania to provide insight into possible recruitment strategies, expected participation rates and potential examination strategies that can be considered by other researchers for similar studies. Five separate avenues for cohort recruitment were adopted: (1) piggy-backing existing studies where twins had been recruited, (2) utilizing the national twin registry, (3) word-of-mouth and local media publicity, (4) directly approaching schools, and finally (5) collaborating with other research groups studying twins.

  • Relationship of homestead food production with night blindness among children below 5 years of age in Bangladesh
  • Ashley A Campbell, Nasima Akhter, Kai Sun, Saskia de Pee, Klaus Kraemer, Regina Moench-Pfanner, Jee H Rah, Jane Badham, Martin W Bloem, Richard D Semba
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 14 / Issue 9 / September 2011
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2011, pp. 1627-1631
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    Objective

    To examine the relationship between homestead food production and night blindness among pre-school children in rural Bangladesh in the presence of a national vitamin A supplementation programme.

    Design

    A cross-sectional study.

    Setting

    A population-based sample of six rural divisions of Bangladesh assessed in the Bangladesh Nutrition Surveillance Project 2001–2005.

    Subjects

    A total of 158 898 children aged 12–59 months.

    Results

    The prevalence rates of night blindness in children among those who did and did not receive vitamin A capsules in the last 6 months were 0·07 % and 0·13 %, respectively. Given the known effect of vitamin A supplementation on night blindness, the analysis was stratified by children's receipt of vitamin A capsules in the last 6 months. Among children who did not receive vitamin A capsules in the last 6 months, the lack of a home garden was associated with increased odds of night blindness (OR = 3·16, 95 % CI 1·76, 5·68; P = 0·0001). Among children who received vitamin A capsules in the last 6 months, the lack of a home garden was not associated with night blindness (OR = 1·28, 95 % CI 0·71, 2·31; P = 0·4).

    Conclusions

    Homestead food production confers a protective effect against night blindness among pre-school children who missed vitamin A supplementation in rural Bangladesh.

  • The evolution of weak Mg II absorption lines
  • Toru Misawa, Ryan Lynch, Anand Narayanan, Nikola Milutinović, Tae-Sun Kim, Jane C. Charlton
  • Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 1 / Issue C199 / March 2005
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 October 2005, pp. 451-453
  • Print publication: March 2005
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    We present preliminary results of two surveys of weak Mg II (rest frame equivalent width $W_r$(2796) $<$ 0.3Å) absorbers at $\langle z \rangle$=0.15 and at $\langle z \rangle$=1.75. For the low redshift survey, we used 25 HST/STIS echelle quasar spectra ($R$=45,000) that covered Si II$\lambda$1260 and C II$\lambda$1335 at 0 $<z<0.3$. These transitions were used as a tracer of Mg II$\lambda$2796, allowing a survey of redshift path-length $g(z)$=5.3. Our high redshift survey covers a redshift path-length of $g(z)$=6.7 in 15 high resolution QSO spectra obtained with UVES on VLT. We find that $dN/dz=0.96\pm 0.19$ for $0<z<0.3$ and $0.02<W_r$(2796) $<$ 0.3Å, and $dN/dz=1.05\pm 0.16$ for $1.4<z<2.2$ over the same equivalent width range. These numbers are to be compared to the results of a previous survey of weak Mg II absorbers: $dN/dz=1.74\pm 0.10$ for $0.4<z<1.4$ (Churchill et al. 1999). There appears to be a peak epoch for weak Mg II absorbers at $z\sim$0.9. At higher redshifts, the observed value is significantly less than expected for cosmological evolution, and somewhat smaller than expected considering the larger extragalactic background radiation at $\langle z\rangle$=1.75. We conclude from this that the processes that produce weak Mg II absorbing structures are equally, or somewhat less, active at $\langle z\rangle$=1.75 than at $\langle z \rangle$=0.9. At lower redshifts, $\langle z\rangle$=0.15, we would expect a larger number of weak Mg II absorbers than observed (comparing to intermediate redshifts). A significant fraction of these expected objects would result from the evolution of low density structures in which only C IV absorption was observable at higher redshifts. The overall evolution of weak Mg II absorbers is consistent with them being related to some type of global star formation activity, perhaps restricted to certain environments. More detailed examination of the evolution of the properties of weak Mg II absorbers is needed.