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Page 1 of 2

  • 2 - Visits to Various Public Schools in the Late Nineteenth Century: Sherborne, Uppingham, Harrow, Rugby, Clifton, Wellington, Eton, Winchester

  • from PART I - Studies from Music and the English Public School (1990)
  • Edited by Andrew Morris, Taught in secondary modern, grammar and comprehensive schools in London before becoming Director of Music at Bedford School for thirty-two years, Bernarr Rainbow, Widely recognised as the leading authority on the history of music education
  • Introduction by Peter Dickinson
  • With contributions by Catherine Beddison , Elizabeth Blackford , Timothy Daniell , Richard Mayo , James Peschek , Alastair Sampson , Graham Smallbone , Jonathan Varcoe , Myfanwy Walters , Nathan Waring , Robert Weaver and Hilary Webster
  • Book:
    Music in Independent Schools
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    05 October 2014
    Print publication:
    21 August 2014, pp 18-51

  • Summary

    The series of articles contributed anonymously by John Graham to the Tonic Sol-fa Reporter and its successor, the Musical Herald, between 1888 and 1892 provide the eye-witness accounts incorporated in this chapter. The first school to be visited was Sherborne. [BR]

    Sherborne in 1888

    Tonic Sol-fa Reporter, August 1888, pp. 466–8

    It is often taken for granted that, while elementary schools give music a fair share of attention, the art is neglected to a large extent in the curriculum of the great public schools of the country. The idea has got abroad that there is a lack of musical interest among high-school boys. Mr Joseph Barnby said recently that about ninety per cent of the boys at Eton College had no musical ear. This is not as it should be. It will be well to enquire the reason for this state of things. If the children of the poor can learn to sing so generally and so readily, it is evident that the youth of England have a latent talent for music, and the grand old doctrine, that singing is a universal privilege, must be preached until there is a great awakening among the schools of the upper classes. But before assuming that these schools are in a state of musical heathendom, it should be known what is their actual condition. Possibly they have some sort of music, and at least the experiences of the professors at these institutions deserve consideration.

  • 4 - The Topic Debated in Music & Letters: Answers to a Questionnaire Distributed by Editor A. H. Fox Strangways (1922)

  • from PART I - Studies from Music and the English Public School (1990)
  • Edited by Andrew Morris, Taught in secondary modern, grammar and comprehensive schools in London before becoming Director of Music at Bedford School for thirty-two years, Bernarr Rainbow, Widely recognised as the leading authority on the history of music education
  • Introduction by Peter Dickinson
  • With contributions by Catherine Beddison , Elizabeth Blackford , Timothy Daniell , Richard Mayo , James Peschek , Alastair Sampson , Graham Smallbone , Jonathan Varcoe , Myfanwy Walters , Nathan Waring , Robert Weaver and Hilary Webster
  • Book:
    Music in Independent Schools
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    05 October 2014
    Print publication:
    21 August 2014, pp 68-96

  • Summary

    As with other enterprises, developments in public school music were abruptly halted by the declaration of war in 1914. For the next four years the shock of World War was felt in every sphere of national life. Two further years were then occupied by the slow process of demobilisation. A new spirit now made itself felt and it is no coincidence that this sense of invigoration was also found in the educational field, or that attempts were now made to establish music on a less tentative footing in public schools. What had already been achieved in some schools – and then placed in jeopardy by wartime decimation – proved to have been the disparate achievement of a handful of enthusiasts, each improvising as best he could to suit the needs of a particular situation. Attempts were now made to review individual aims and devise a less random approach.

    An early manifestation of this activity occurred in a symposium on ‘Music in Public Schools’ published in Music & Letters in 1922–3. The paper's editor, A. H. Fox Strangways, was particularly well placed to initiate the event. After graduating at Oxford in 1882, then studying music at the Berlin Hochschule, he had taught modern languages in two public schools before succeeding Alan Gray as director of music at Wellington in 1893. Although he later gave up teaching for musicology and musical criticism, Fox Strangways' knowledge and experience of working conditions in public schools equipped him notably to lead an investigation of musical conditions there.

Music in Independent Schools
  • Edited by Andrew Morris, Bernarr Rainbow
  • Introduction by Peter Dickinson
  • With contributions by Catherine Beddison , Elizabeth Blackford , Timothy Daniell , Richard Mayo , James Peschek , Alastair Sampson , Graham Smallbone , Jonathan Varcoe , Myfanwy Walters , Nathan Waring , Robert Weaver and Hilary Webster
  • Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    05 October 2014
    Print publication:
    21 August 2014
  • This is the first serious study of music in independent schools. The high standard of musical work in such schools has long been known but now Andrew Morris and his team have provided up-to-date details. There are contributions from seven individual schools - Bedford, Dulwich, Eton, Gresham's, St. Paul's, Uppingham and Worksop - as well as chapters about Girls' Schools, Preparatory Schools, Choir Schools and Specialist Schools. Andrew Morris was Director of Music at Bedford School for thirty-two years and was President of the Music Masters and Mistresses Association in 1996-97. He is thus ideally placed to mastermind a substantial compendium of information which is eminently readable and absorbing. The book includes material from Bernarr Rainbow's study, Music in the English Public School (1990) and brings it up to date. As a historian, Rainbow looked back at how music developed in independent schools. Progress was slow, even tortuous, but Rainbow's fascinating documents, supported by his commentary, show how idealism won through and Morris and his colleagues bear eloquent witness to the very positive development over the last fifty years. ANDREW MORRIS taught in secondary modern, grammar and comprehensive schools in London before becoming Director of Music at Bedford School for thirty-two years. He was President of the Music Masters' and Mistresses' Association from 1996-97 and President of the RAM Club at the Royal Academy of Music 2005-06. He has examined for the ABRSM for over thirty years. DR BERNARR RAINBOW is widely recognised as the leading authority on the history of music education. CONTRIBUTORS: Catherine Beddison, Elizabeth Blackford, Timothy Daniell, Richard Mayo, James Peschek, Alastair Sampson, Graham Smallbone, Jonathan Varcoe, Myfanwy Walters, Nathan Waring, Robert Weaver, Hilary Webster.

  • Sterols of the Cephalopod Spirula Spirula

  • James A. Ballantine, John C. Roberts, Robert J. Morris
  • Journal:
    Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 61 / Issue 4 / November 1981
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 May 2009, pp. 843-850

  • The sterol biochemistry of the highly advanced molluscan class – the cephalopods – is poorly understood. Few analyses of their component sterols have been published in which GC-MS has been employed (Voogt, 1973; Idler et al. 1978; ApSimon & Burnell, 1980) and these have only involved 5 species.

    From the available data the cephalopods appear to have a much simpler sterol make-up than the other less-advanced molluscs. Cholesterol appears to be easily the predominant sterol (ca. 90%) with minor amounts of up to 10 other common marine sterols. Of the species analysed, four (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Eledone aldrovandi and Illex illecebrosus) had a very similar major and minor sterol composition. Only the more primitive Nautilus sp. (Idler et al. 1978) had a noticeably different minor sterol composition.

    Voogt (1973) reported cephalopods to be able to synthesise sterols though molluscs generally appear only to be able to carry out this biosynthesis slowly (Goad, 1978). Cephalopods are extremely active carnivores and thus would be expected to have a diverse diet. If their component sterols are of a dietary origin, a considerable variation in their minor sterol composition might be expected on the basis of the range in sterol composition reported for pelagic organisms (e.g. Morris & Culkin, 1977), many of which may be possible dietary components.

    Detailed knowledge however of cephalopod diets is limited. Quite apart from the fact that healthy specimens are rarely caught in nets, those that are caught often feed voraciously on the other organisms trapped in the net prior to being brought on board for examination.

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