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10 results

  • The Occupational Health Effects of Responding to a Natural Gas Pipeline Explosion Among Emergency First Responders – Lincoln County, Kentucky, 2019

  • David P. Bui, Esther A. Kukielka, Erin F. Blau, Lindsay K. Tompkins, K. Leann Bing, Charles Edge, Rebecca Hardin, Diane Miller, James House, Tegan Boehmer, Andrea Winquist, Maureen Orr, Renée Funk, Doug Thoroughman
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 16 / Issue 5 / October 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 September 2021, pp. 1997-2004
  • Objective:

    The aim of the study was to assess occupational health effects 1 month after responding to a natural gas pipeline explosion.

    Methods:

    First responders to a pipeline explosion in Kentucky were interviewed about pre- and post-response health symptoms, post-response health care, and physical exertion and personal protective equipment (PPE) use during the response. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between several risk factors and development of post-response symptoms.

    Results:

    Among 173 first responders involved, 105 (firefighters [58%], emergency medical services [19%], law enforcement [10%], and others [12%]) were interviewed. Half (53%) reported at least 1 new or worsening symptom, including upper respiratory symptoms (39%), headache (18%), eye irritation (17%), and lower respiratory symptoms (16%). The majority (79%) of symptomatic responders did not seek post-response care. Compared with light-exertion responders, hard-exertion responders (48%) had significantly greater odds of upper respiratory symptoms (aOR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.25–7.50). Forty-four percent of responders and 77% of non-firefighter responders reported not using any PPE.

    Conclusions:

    Upper respiratory symptoms were common among first responders of a natural gas pipeline explosion and associated with hard-exertion activity. Emergency managers should ensure responders are trained in, equipped with, and properly use PPE during these incidents and encourage responders to seek post-response health care when needed.

  • Chapter 22 - The English Language in Japan: A Historical Overview 1809–2020

  • Edited by Paul Snowden
  • Book:
    Handbook of Higher Education in Japan
    Published by:
    Amsterdam University Press
    Published online:
    31 May 2023
    Print publication:
    20 September 2021, pp 309-329

  • Summary

    The progress of English studies in Japanese higher education is not one of a steady and continuous upward curve. This chapter seeks to understand the roller coaster ride of English Studies in Japanese higher education by looking at the history of the introduction of English into Japan and to follow its career of reluctant acceptance by the Edo government to its embrace under the Meiji Restoration, its ups and downs during the Taisho and Showa eras of political uncertainty and war, followed by the heavy influence of the American Occupation forces after World War II and its use as a political football by the movers and shakers in the Japanese higher education sector ever since.

    Introduction: How English went from obscurity to mania in Japan over four short centuries

    The policies of the Education Ministry have loomed large since its inception in 1872 in the way courses are instituted and run in Japanese higher education. However, these policies have often been decided as a reaction to events either within the educational establishment of Japan or from influences outside the country. In whatever way these policies emerge, national, prefectural, municipal, and private universities alike usually implement them in some form. It could be argued that little has changed in education in Japan since the Edo period in that the government of the day has the final say in issues of compulsory education and exerts a huge influence over higher education, too.

    In the Edo period the only way to gain Western knowledge was to learn the language of foreigners; it was a necessary evil. At first the lingua franca was thought to be Portuguese, then Dutch, and finally English. Language study was the key, not the aim. Tokyo University, for example, began life as a foreign language institute and as it transmogrified into a national university, foreign languages took a back seat to specialist disciplines, including literature.

    The development of studies in English literature belies a simplistic explanation of the motivation for learning English in Japan. The samurai warrior class made up 5–6% of the population, and they enjoyed privileges beyond the grasp of ordinary Japanese.

  • New models of care: a liaison psychiatry service for medically unexplained symptoms and frequent attenders in primary care

  • Janine Bestall, Najma Siddiqi, Suzanne Heywood-Everett, Charlotte Freeman, Paul Carder, Mick James, Brendan Kennedy, Angela Moulson, Allan House
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Bulletin / Volume 41 / Issue 6 / December 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 340-344
    Print publication:
    December 2017
    • Article
      • You have access
      • Open access
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  • Aims and method

    This paper describes the process of setting up and the early results from a new liaison psychiatry service in primary care for people identified as frequent general practice attenders with long-term conditions or medically unexplained symptoms. Using a rapid evidence synthesis, we identified existing service models, mechanisms to identify and refer patients, and outcomes for the service. Considering this evidence, with local contingencies we defined options and resources. We agreed a model to set up a service in three diverse general practices. An evaluation explored the feasibility of the service and of collecting data for clinical, service and economic outcomes.

    Results

    High levels of patient and staff satisfaction, and reductions in the utilisation of primary and secondary healthcare, with associated cost savings are reported.

    Clinical implications

    A multidisciplinary liaison psychiatry service integrated in primary care is feasible and may be evaluated using routinely collected data.

  • A diet with 35 % of energy from protein leads to kidney damage in female Sprague–Dawley rats

  • Andrew P. Wakefield, James D. House, Malcolm R. Ogborn, Hope A. Weiler, Harold M. Aukema
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 106 / Issue 5 / 14 September 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 May 2011, pp. 656-663
    Print publication:
    14 September 2011
    • Article
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  • High-protein (HP) diets for weight loss remain popular despite questions surrounding overall safety. In a recent study using the pig model, we showed that long-term intakes from whole proteins at 35 % energy (en %) cause moderate renal histological damage. To examine whether this observation may be species specific or more generalisable, the effect of this diet in rats was examined. Using plant and animal whole proteins, 70-d-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised to either a normal-protein (NP; 15 en %) or a HP (35 en %) diet for 4, 8, 12 and 17 months. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance and urinary protein levels, and pathology was assessed by examination of glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Rats consuming the HP diet had 17 % higher kidney weights (P < 0·0001), three times higher proteinuria (P < 0·0001) and 27 % higher creatinine clearance (P = 0·0012) compared with those consuming the NP diet. Consistent with this, HP-fed rats had larger glomeruli (P < 0·0001) and more glomerulosclerosis (P = 0·0003) compared with NP-fed rats. The HP diet also resulted in altered levels of free monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0·0001). The histological changes are consistent with those observed in the pig model. In contrast to the pig model, the elevated proteinuria and creatinine clearance observed in the rat model are also usually observed with HP consumption in human subjects. These results indicate that the rat is a useful model for HP effects on the kidney and, along with previous results using the pig model, suggest that long-term intake of high levels of protein may be detrimental to renal health.

  • Intervening processes in the relationship between unemployment and health

  • Ronald C. Kessler, J. Blake Turner, James S. House
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / November 1987
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 July 2009, pp. 949-961

  • A considerable amount of research documents the negative effects of job loss on both physical and mental health. Yet we know comparatively little about the mechanisms through which these effects occur. Unemployment, like other events, is not the same experience for everyone exposed to it. An understanding of this variation might be facilitated by breaking down the analysis of unemployment into a consideration of the various stresses that it creates or exacerbates. This is our purpose in the present paper.

    We demonstrate that, for one area of the United States, the effect of job loss on several health outcomes involves two mechanisms: (1) unemployment results in increased financial strain which, in turn, results in negative health effects, and (2) unemployment leaves the individual more vulnerable to the impact of unrelated life events. Controlling for financial strain, unemployed people in our sample who have not experienced an additional life event in the previous year are in no worse health than the stably employed. This provides useful insights into the nature of the unemployment experience in this particular setting. It also provides a basis for future detailed explorations of the various ways people cope with this event.