Due to the high brittleness, cracks, holes, and other defects that are easily generated in quasi-crystal structures can affect safe applications in serious cases. For guided wave non-destructive testing, the propagation of Lamb and SH waves in functionally graded one-dimensional hexagonal quasi-crystal plates are investigated. Governing equations of wave motion in the context of Bak’s model are deduced and solved by the Legendre orthogonal polynomial method. Dispersion curves, phonon and phason displacement, and stress distributions are illustrated. The convergence of the present method applied to functionally graded quasi-crystal plates is verified. Moreover, the influences of the phonon-phason coupling effect and graded fields on wave characteristics are analyzed. Some new results are obtained: angular frequencies of phason modes always decrease as phonon-phason coupling coefficients, Ri, increase; and phonon and phason displacements of Lamb and SH waves at high frequencies are mainly distributed in the region that contains more quasi-crystal material with a smaller elasticity modulus and less rigidity. The obtained results establish the theoretical foundation of guided wave non-destructive testing for functionally graded quasi-crystal plates.

The gene expression profile of a normal-suffering monozygotic twin pair is investigated to explore biological mechanisms of spastic type cerebral palsy. Main works include following three aspects: First, a cDNA microarray test is carried out to get the differentially expressed genes of the patient with cerebral palsy compared to her monozygotic twin sister. Second, these differentially expressed genes are searched for their bioinformation within 4 biological databases: FatiGO, FatiGOPlus, KEGG, and SOURCE. Third, a set of special genes and gene families are screened out from the spastic type cerebral palsy patient. These biological analyses reveal that those genes for cell junction are mostly down-regulated, while those genes for metabolism are mostly up-regulated. The individual genes, gene family, and their associated biological functions can reflect the pathological and physiological characteristics of the cerebral palsy.

In this contribution, a novel un-differenced (UD) (PPP-RTK) concept, i.e. a synthesis of Precise Point Positioning and Network-based Real-Time Kinematic concept, is introduced. In the first step of our PPP-RTK approach, the UD GNSS observations from a regional reference network are processed based upon re-parameterised observation equations, corrections for satellite clocks, phase biases and (interpolated) atmospheric delays are calculated and provided to users. In the second step, these network-based corrections are used at the user site to restore the integer nature of his UD phase ambiguities, which makes rapid and high accuracy user positioning possible. The proposed PPP-RTK approach was tested using two GPS CORS networks with inter-station distances ranging from 60 to 100 km. The first test network is the northern China CORS network and the second is the Australian Perth CORS network. In the test of the first network, a dual-frequency PPP-RTK user receiver was used, while in the test of the second network, a low-cost, single-frequency PPP-RTK user receiver was used. The performance of fast ambiguity resolution and the high accuracy positioning of the PPP-RTK results are demonstrated.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopy have been evolved to a stage such that they can be routinely used to probe the structure and composition of the materials with the resolution of a single atomic column. However, a direct in situ TEM observation of structural evolution of the materials in a lithium ion battery during dynamic operation of the battery has never been reported. In this paper, we report the results of exploring the in situ TEM techniques for observation of interfaces in the lithium ion battery during the operation of the battery. A miniature battery was fabricated using a single nanowire and an ionic liquid electrolyte. The structure and composition of the interface across the anode and the electrolyte was studied using TEM imaging, electron diffraction, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In addition, we also explored the possibilities of carrying out in situ TEM studies of lithium ion batteries with a solid state electrolyte.

We have designed and fabricated a standardized specimen holder that allows the operation of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The details of the design and fabrication processes of the holder are presented. The sample loading mechanism is simple and allows reliable electrical contact to eight signal lines on the device. Using a MEMS-based, nanojoule calorimeter, we performed rapid-heating experiments on Bi nanoparticles to demonstrate the functionality of the holder. We show that the heat capacity can be measured simultaneously with TEM observations. The size-dependent melting of Bi nanoparticles was observed simultaneously by nanocalorimetry and selected area diffraction measurements. We believe this approach will open up new experimental pathways to researchers, combining the speed and resolution of transmission electron microscopy with the flexibility, precision, and compactness of MEMS-based sensors and actuators.

Nanostructured Cu/304 stainless steel (SS) multilayers were prepared by magnetron sputtering. 304SS has a face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure in bulk. However, in the Cu/304SS multilayers, the 304SS layers exhibit the fcc structure for layer thickness of ≤5 nm in epitaxy with the neighboring fcc Cu. For 304SS layer thickness larger than 5 nm, body-centered-cubic (bcc) 304SS grains grow on top of the initial 5 nm fcc SS with the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship between bcc and fcc SS grains. The maximum hardness of Cu/304SS multilayers is about 5.5 GPa (factor of two enhancement compared to rule-of-mixtures hardness) at a layer thickness of 5 nm. Below 5 nm, hardness decreases with decreasing layer thickness. The peak hardness of fcc/fcc Cu/304SS multilayer is greater than that of Cu/Ni, even though the lattice-parameter mismatch between Cu and Ni is five times greater than that between Cu and 304SS. This result may primarily be attributed to the higher interface barrier stress for single-dislocation transmission across the {111} twinned interfaces in Cu/304SS as compared to the {100} interfaces in Cu/Ni.

Aseries of well crystallized Ba1-xSrxMoO4 (0≤×≤1) films were prepared on molybdenum substrates in electrolytes embodied Ba2+ and Sr2+ions by electrochemical deposition at room temperature. The composition x is controlled through the starting concentrations of Ba2+ and Sr2+ ions. The measurements of XRD, SEM and XPS for these materials were carried out. The XRD analyses show that the films are good crystalline with single tetragonal structure of scheelite-type, and the a and c axes of the unit cell parameters of the films decrease with the increasing of Sr2+ concentration in the starting electrolytes; the XPS analyses reveal that the composition of the Ba1-xSrxMoO4 films is in agreement with stoichiometry, and the SEM photographs show that the films are condensed deposited.

Recent calculations of electron and proton impact excitation rates in Ne VI are used to derive the intensity ratios of lines in the ~402–1006 Å wavelength range as a function of electron temperature (Te) and density (Ne). These results are presented in the form of ratio-ratio diagrams, which should in principle allow both Ne and Te to be deduced for the Ne VI line emitting region of a plasma. Electron temperatures and densities derived from ratio-ratio diagrams involving the 562.7, 997.4, 999.6 and 1006.1 Å lines, in conjunction with observational data for a sunspot obtained with the Harvard S-0555 spectrometer on board Skylab, are found to be compatible, and in good agreement with plasma parameters determined using other methods. This provides some support for the diagnostic calculations presented in this paper, and hence the atomic data used in their derivation. However agreement between theory and observation is very poor for other Ne VI lines in the sunspot spectrum, and for most transitions observed in S-0555 active region and flare data, which is probably due to blending with lines from N III, Mg VI and Mg VII. The application of the calculations to non-solar EUV sources is discussed.

Thallium bromoiodide, a tuneable band gap semiconductor system, was investigated as a photodetector for scintillation spectrometers. Extensive zone refining of starting materials, based on numerical simulations, considerably enhanced the electrical resistivity to 1011 Ωcm. In addition, accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT) crystal growth and after-growth annealing have improved the charge carrier mobility-lifetime product. However, a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio due to a high dielectric constant and relatively low quantum efficiency continues to be an obstacle to achieving high performance, large area T1BrxI1−xphotodetectors.

Results of room-temperature optical studies on ∼10 micron thick, free-standing diamond films are reported. The films were grown on Si(100) substrates by hot filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from a methane/hydrogen mixture. The as-grown, free surface of the films exhibited a surface roughness of scale σ ∼ 0.2 to 5 microns, depending on the methane/hydrogen mixture, which introduces significant optical scattering loss for frequencies greater than 0.5 eV. Specular reflection and transmission spectra in the range 0.01–10 eV were collected. Below the threshold for interband adsorption near ∼5 eV, the films studied behaved approximately as thin parallel plates of refractive index 2.4, with the rough free surface leading to increasingly larger loss of specular transmission/reflection with decreasing wavelength. Structure in the mid-infrared transmission spectra was observed and attributed to disorder-induced one-phonon absorption, intrinsic multi-phonon absorption, and infrared active –C–H2 stretching modes. The strength of the C–H band was observed to increase with increasing methane pressure in the growth chamber. At 5.3 eV, the onset of interband absorption was observed, in good agreement with the value of the indirect bandgap in type IIa (intrinsic) diamond.

Using the axisymmetric tortion tensor given by J. Nitsh in U4 gravitational gauge theory. Applying G. S. Yang and L. F. Luo's magnetic field model of neutron stars, i.e. magnetic field is originated from long-arranged neutron spin. Precession of spin coupled with tortion has been studied, indicating an influence on the magnetic field. The results show that the initial magnetic filed B made of long-arranged spin magnetic moment is at an angle of α with rotating axis, if radians, B makes a so small angle to the rotating axis at time 108 sec. that no pulses could be radiated from the neutron stars. Only when radians, the pulse radiation could be done. Based on the assumption that the orientation of the initial magnetic fields is isotropic, we can get then that only about ten percent of the rotating neutron stars radiate pulses.