There is limited evidence on heterogenous co-developmental trajectories of internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems from childhood to adolescence and predictors of these joint trajectories. We utilized longitudinal data from Raine Study participants (n = 2393) to identify these joint trajectories from 5 to 17 years using parallel-process latent class growth analysis and analyze childhood individual and family risk factors predicting these joint trajectories using multinomial logistic regression. Five trajectory classes were identified: Low-problems (Low-INT/Low-EXT, 29%), Moderate Externalizing (Moderate-EXT/Low-INT, 26.5%), Primary Internalizing (Moderate High-INT/Low-EXT, 17.5%), Co-occurring (High-INT/High-EXT, 17%), High Co-occurring (Very High-EXT/High-INT, 10%). Children classified in Co-occurring and High Co-occurring trajectories (27% of the sample) exhibited clinically meaningful co-occurring problem behaviors and experienced more adverse childhood risk-factors than other three trajectories. Compared with Low-problems: parental marital problems, low family income, and absent father predicted Co-occurring and High Co-occurring trajectories; maternal mental health problems commonly predicted Primary Internalizing, Co-occurring, and High Co-occurring trajectories; male sex and parental tobacco-smoking uniquely predicted High Co-occurring membership; other substance smoking uniquely predicted Co-occurring membership; speech difficulty uniquely predicted Primary Internalizing membership; child’s temper-tantrums predicted all four trajectories, with increased odds ratios for High Co-occurring (OR = 8.95) and Co-occurring (OR = 6.07). Finding two co-occurring trajectories emphasizes the importance of early childhood interventions addressing comorbidity.

The cornerstone of obesity treatment is behavioural weight management, resulting in significant improvements in cardio-metabolic and psychosocial health. However, there is ongoing concern that dietary interventions used for weight management may precipitate the development of eating disorders. Systematic reviews demonstrate that, while for most participants medically supervised obesity treatment improves risk scores related to eating disorders, a subset of people who undergo obesity treatment may have poor outcomes for eating disorders. This review summarises the background and rationale for the formation of the Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration. The EDIT Collaboration will explore the complex risk factor interactions that precede changes to eating disorder risk following weight management. In this review, we also outline the programme of work and design of studies for the EDIT Collaboration, including expected knowledge gains. The EDIT studies explore risk factors and the interactions between them using individual-level data from international weight management trials. Combining all available data on eating disorder risk from weight management trials will allow sufficient sample size to interrogate our hypothesis: that individuals undertaking weight management interventions will vary in their eating disorder risk profile, on the basis of personal characteristics and intervention strategies available to them. The collaboration includes the integration of health consumers in project development and translation. An important knowledge gain from this project is a comprehensive understanding of the impact of weight management interventions on eating disorder risk.

Recently, it was suggested that peripherally-mediated analgesia can be accomplished by the intra-articular delivery of the mu-opioid morphine or of the a2-agonist clonidine. This clinical study assesses the potential peripheral analgesic effect of the combination of morphine and clonidine after intra-articular administration. Sixty patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists status I or II) undergoing arthroscopic repair of the knee during general anaesthesia were randomized to receive after operation, in a double-blind manner, either 1 μg morphine intra-articularly (group 1); 150 μg clonidine intra-articularly (group 2); or 1 μg morphine + 150 μg clonidine intra-articularly (group 3); or normal saline intra-articularly (group 4) in a volume of 30 mL, respectively. Visual analogue pain scores (VAS), duration of analgesia as defined by first demand for supplemental analgesics, subsequent 24 h consumption of postoperative supplementary supplementary analgesics, and patient satisfaction were evaluated. Co-administration of morphine + clonidine (group 3) resulted in a significant VAS reduction at 2 h after injection compared with the other groups. There was a tendency towards a lower need for supplementary rescue analgesia and towards a more prolonged analgesia in group 3 (211 min ± 224 min SD) compared with group 1 (173 min ± 197 min SD) and group 4 (91 min ± 21 min SD). More patients were very satisfied with the postoperative analgesic regimen receiving the combination of morphine and clonidine (group 3) at 24 h postoperatively. Thus we conclude, that the peripheral co-delivery of an opioid and an a2-agonist will result in improved postoperative pain relief, when compared with each single agent given alone.

Epitaxial Pt(001) thin films have been grown on MgO(001) substrates using dc magnetron sputtering with an Ar/O2 mixture at 700°C. The width (FWHM) of the rocking curve of the Pt(002) peak is between 0.16° and 0.20°, which is only 0.05° wider than that of the MgO (002) peak of the cleaved substrate. The film surface roughness is about 1 nm (rms) for a 240 nm thick Pt film. No grain structure could be observed using SEM. In contrast, the films deposited at 700 °C with pure Ar, have both Pt(111) and Pt(001) oriented growth, as shown by XRD Θ - 2 Θ scans, with the Pt(111) peak having the largest intensity. BaTiO3 epitaxial films have also been deposited on Pt(001)/MgO(001). The width (FWHM) of the rocking curve of the BaTiO3(200) peak is 0.4°. The surface morphology of the epitaxial BaTiO3(100) thin films on Pt(001)/MgO(001) is featureless. XRD pole figure measurements on Pt/BaTiO3/Pt trilayer shown a very good in-plane alignment of all layers. The epitaxial growth relationship was also confirmed by TEM electron diffraction and cross-section imaging. The Pt/BaTiO3/Pt epitaxial trilayer could serve as a prototype for ferroelectric capacitors and may be able to improve the electrical properties of the capacitors.

We report on the magnetic-field dependent surface resistance of polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 (Tc ≃ 92 K), measured using a brass cylindrical cavity resonator, operating at 16.5 GHz in the TE011 mode. A de magnetic field Happ is applied parallel to the superconducting sample surface, and the temperature dependence of the surface resistance is measured for four different values of Happ (0 T, 0.22 T, 1 T, 5 T). An effective medium theory and the two-fluid model are used to fit the surface resistance versus temperature measurements both in zero field and for various applied fields. These results are applied to characterize the microwave properties of a polycrystalline ceramic superconductor.

The structure of pulsed laser irradiated graphite surfaces has been elucidated. The pulse fluences range up to 4 J cm−2 with durations no longer than 30 ns. The region exterior to the irradiated spot is littered with ∼0.1 μm diameter carbon spheroids. The boundary region is characterized by both spheroids and torn layers 1–5 μm. in lateral extent. The central region displays carbon spheroids and surface upheavals. The carbon spheroids are attributed to hydrodynamic sputtering of carbon. The surface upheavals and torn carbon layers are attributed to constrained thermal expansion and contraction of the irradiated region. It is estimated that a nearly instantaneous 1000°C temperature change is necessary to cause the observed surface deformation. Pulse fluences in excess of 0.8 J cm−2 cause a thin layer of carbon to melt. This is proven by the fact that the irradiated layer in the solid phase has a turbostratic structure. Electron diffraction experiments and dark-field imaging experiments show that the basal plane grain size of the resolidified material varies from ∼20 Å at the melt threshold to ∼100 Å for samples irradiated with 4.0 J cm−2.

By examining the reflectance spectra of polycrystalline La1.85Sr0.15CuO4-y and La2NiO4-y in relation to the results of ir studies on single-crystal La2NiO4-y, we have determined the normal-state (room temperature) optical anisotropy of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4-y in the frequency range 40 cm-1 to 4800 cm-1. Vibrational and electronic properties corresponding to this anisotropy are examined, and a method is presented for extracting the optical properties of the superconducting state of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4-y.

A Raman microprobe and TEM have been used to analyze the resolidified region of liquid carbon generated by picosecond pulse laser radiation. From the relative intensities of the zone center Raman-allowed mode for graphite at 1582cm−1 and the disorder-induced mode at 1360cm−1 , the average graphite crystallite size in the resolidified region is determined as a function of incident pulse energy density. By comparing with Rutherford backscattering spectra and Raman spectra from nanosecond pulsed laser melting experiments, additional information about the disorder depth in picosecond pulsed laser melted graphite is obtained. Comparisons of TEM micrographs for nanosecond and picosecond pulsed laser melting experiments show that the structure of the laser disordered regions in graphite are similar and exhibit similar behavior with increasing laser pulse fluence. The similarities in the resolidified regions under both irradiation schemes discourages a determination of the properties of liquid carbon after the liquid has resolidified.

The surface structures of laser-irradiated samples of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have been investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The samples were irradiated with a 30 ns ruby laser (λ = 6943 !A) pulse with energy fluences ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 J cm−2. Optically, the specimens show a damage region approximately 5 mm in diameter. The surface structure displays three characteristic regions: an outer boundary characterized by submicron carbon spheroids resting on the surface; an inner boundary characterized by both submicron spheroids and 1 to 5 [m ‘torn’ carbon layers which appear to have broken away from the graphite surface after irradiation; a central region characterized by a uniform density of spheroids and a pattern of surface upheavals which trace out a grain pattern similar to that of the pristine substrate. Electron diffraction patterns taken on the irradiated region indicate an ultra-fine grain 2-dimensionally ordered carbon. Qualitative trends in the areal density of different microstructural features are presented. In addition, a simple model explaining the observed features is given. All observations are consistent with the rapid solidification of liquid carbon.

Experimental evidence for laser melting of graphite, by irradiation with 30ns pulses from a ruby laser, is presented. RBS-channeling analysis, Raman scattering and TEM measurements reveal that the surface of graphite melts at a threshold energy density of about 0.6 J/cm2. For laser pulse energy densities above 0.6 J/cm2, the melt front penetration depth increases nearly linearly with increasing energy density. An intense emission of carbon particles during and after irradiation is observed. The thickness of the carbon layer removed in this process also increases nearly linearly with increasing pulse fluence. A dramatic redistribution of ion implanted impurities is also observed. Furthermore, the crystalline structure of the resolidified material is shown to depend on the energy density of the laser pulse. In order to explain these phenomena, a model for laser melting of graphite at high temperatures to form liquid carbon has been developed in which a free electron gas approximation is used to describe the properties of liquid carbon. The model is solved numerically to give the time and depth dependences of the temperature as a function of the laser pulse energy density. Very good agreement is found between the observed melt depth dependence on laser pulse energy density, as determined by RBS-channeling, and the model calculations. The redistribution of ion implanted impurities and the modification of the crystalline structure, caused by the pulsed laser irradiation, are also consistent with the model and permit the determination, for the first time, of interfacial segregation coefficients for impurities in liquid carbon. The model also predicts that liquid carbon at low pressure (p < 1 kbar) has metallic properties.

Time resolved reflectivity measurements at the surface of pulsed laser irradiated graphite are found to be complicated by the evolution of carbon atoms from the surface which attenuates the probe beam. The evolution of the species occurs concomitant with the observation of the melt on a time scale of <2 nsec. Further, the emitted species have velocities of:≤ 2 x 105 cm/s. The experimental results suggest the formation of large clusters at the molten surface though more experiments are required to clearly distinguish the effect of clusters from those due to the formation of a randomly reflecting plasma.

The behavior of highly anisotropic materials under short pulses of high power laser irradiation has been studied by irradiating highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) with 30 nsec Ruby-laser pulses with energy densities between 0.1 and 5.0J/cm2. Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the laser-induced modifications to the crystalline structure as a function of laser energy density of the laser pulse. A Raman microprobe was used to investigate the spatial variations of these near-surface regions. The irradiation of HOPG with energy densities above ~ 0.6J/cm2 leads to the appearance of the ~ 1360 cm-1 disorder-induced line in the first order Raman spectrum. The intensity of the ~ 1360cm-1 line increases with increasing laser energy density. As the energy density of the laser pulse reaches about 1.0J/cm2, the ~ 1360cm-1 line and the ~ 1580cm-1 Raman-allowed mode broaden and coalesce into a broad asymmetric band, indicating the formation of a highly disordered region, consistent with RBS-channeling measurements. However, as the laser energy density of the laser pulses is further increased above 3.0J/cm2, the two Raman lines narrow and can again be resolved suggesting laser-induced crystallization. The Raman results are consistent with high resolution electron microscopy observations showing the formation of randomly oriented crystallites. Raman Microprobe spectra revealed three separate regions of behavior: (i) an outer unirradiated region where the material appears HOPG-like with a thin layer of material coating the surface, (ii) an inner irradiated region where the structure is uniform, but disordered, and (iii) an intermediate region between the other regions where the structure is highly disordered. The changes in structure of the inner region are consistent with the behavior observed with RBS and conventional Raman spectra. The identification of an amorphous carbon-like layer on the outer region is consistent with a large thermomechanical stress at the graphite surface, introduced by the high power laser pulse, and known to occur in metals.