Bendadaite, ideally Fe2+Fe23+ (AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O, is a new member of the arthurite group. It was found as a weathering product of arsenopyrite on a single hand specimen from the phosphate pegmatite Bendada, central Portugal (type locality). Co-type locality is the granite pegmatite of Lavra do Almerindo (Almerindo mine), Linópolis, Divino das Laranjeiras county, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Further localities are the Veta Negra mine, Copiapó province, Chile; Oumlil-East, Bou Azzer district, Morocco; and Pira Inferida yard, Fenugu Sibiri mine, Gonnosfanadiga, Medio Campidano Province, Sardinia, Italy.

Type bendadaite occurs as blackish green to dark brownish tufts (<0.1 mm long) and flattened radiating aggregates, in intimate association with an intermediate member of the scorodite–mansfieldite series. It is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 10.239(3) Å, b = 9.713(2) Å, c = 5.552(2) Å, β = 94.11(2)°, V = 550.7(2) Å3, Z = 2. Electron-microprobe analysis yielded (wt.%): CaO 0.04, MnO 0.03, CuO 0.06, ZnO 0.04, Fe2O3 (total) 43.92, Al2O3 1.15, SnO2 0.10, As2O5 43.27, P2O5 1.86, SO3 0.03. The empirical formula is (Fe2+0.52Fe3+0.32☐0.16)Σ1.00(Fe3+1.89Al0.11)Σ2.00(As1.87P0.13)Σ2.00O8(OH)2.00·4H2O based on 2(As,P) and assuming ideal 8O, 2(OH), 4H2O and complete occupancy of the ferric iron site by Fe3+ and Al. Optically, bendadaite is biaxial, positive, 2Vest. = 85±4°, 2Vcalc. = 88°, with α 1.734(3), β 1.759(3), γ 1.787(4). Pleochroism is medium strong: X pale reddish brown, Y yellowish brown, Z dark yellowish brown; absorption Z > Y > X, optical dispersion weak, r > v. Optical axis plane is parallel to (010), with X approximately parallel to a and Z nearly parallel to c. Bendadaite has vitreous to sub-adamantine luster, is translucent and non-fluorescent. It is brittle, shows irregular fracture and a good cleavage parallel to {010}. Dmeas. 3.15±0.10 g/cm3, Dcalc. 3.193 g/cm3 (for the empirical formula). The five strongest powder diffraction lines [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are 10.22 (10)(100), 7.036 (8)(110), 4.250 (5)(111), 2.865 (4)(), 4.833 (3)(020,011). The d spacings are very similar to those of its Zn analogue, ojuelaite. The crystal structure of bendadaite was solved and refined using a crystal from the co-type locality with the composition (Fe2+0.95☐0.05)Σ1.00(Fe3+1.80Al0.20)Σ2.00(As1.48P0.52)Σ2.00O8(OH)2·4H2O (R = 1.6%), and confirms an arthurite-type atomic arrangement.

Paratacamite-(Mg) (IMA 2013-014), Cu3(Mg, Cu)Cl2(OH)6, is the new Mg-analogue of paratacamite. It was found near the village of Cuya in the Camarones Valley, Arica Province, Chile. The mineral is a supergene secondary phase occurring in association with anhydrite, atacamite, chalcopyrite, copiapite, dolomite, epsomite, haydeeite, hematite, magnesite and quartz. Paratacamite-(Mg) crystals are rhombs and thick to thin prisms up to 0.3 mm in size exhibiting the forms {201} and {001}. Twinning by reflection on {10} is common. The mineral is transparent with a vitreous lustre, with medium to deep-green colour and light-green streak. Mohs hardness is 3–3½, the tenacity is brittle and the fracture is conchoidal. Paratacamite-(Mg) has one perfect cleavage on {201}. The measured and calculated densities are 3.50(2) and 3.551 g cm–3, respectively. The mineral is optically uniaxial (–) with ε = 1.785(5) and ω > 1.8 and slight pleochroism: O (bluish green) > E (green). Electron-microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula Cu3(Mg0.60Cu0.38Ni0.01Mn0.01)Cl2(OH)6. The mineral is easily soluble in dilute HCl. Paratacamite-(Mg) is trigonal, R, with cell parameters a = 13.689(1), c = 14.025(1) Å, V = 2275.8(3) Å3 and Z = 12. There is a pronounced sub-cell corresponding to a' ≈ ½a, c' ≈ c in space group Rm. The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 5.469(87)(021), 4.686(26)(003), 2.904(34)(401), 2.762(100)(22,042), 2.265(81)(404), 1.819(26)(603), 1.710 (34)(440) and 1.380(19)(446). The structure was refined to R1 = 0.039 for 480 Fo > 4σF reflections. Refinement using interlayer Mg-Cu site scattering factors indicated that Mg is distributed statistically between both interlayer octahedra M1O6 and M2O6. A comparison of the distortions associated with M1O6 and M2O6 octahedra suggest that the sample is near the upper compositional limit for stability of the R phase.

Tondiite, with the simplified formula Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2, occurs as a rare supergene mineral in a phonolitic tephrite from the type locality, Vesuvius volcano, Italy, as well as associated with haydeeite in the Santo Domingo Mine, Arica Province, Chile. It is emerald green to bright green in colour and occurs in irregularly shaped crystals, often with stepped faces. Its calculated density is 3.503 g cm−3. Tondiite crystallizes with the herbertsmithite structure type, space group Rm. Lattice parameters are a = 6.8377(7) Å and c = 14.088(2)Å for the holotype material. The c parameter may vary with Mg/Cu ratio and the presence of impurity atoms. The five strongest lines in the calculated powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å(I)(hkil)]: 5.459(88)(101), 3.419(22)(110), 2.764(100)(112 3), 2.266(54)(024), 1.706(26)(220). Several tondiite crystals have been examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and by electron microprobe analysis. The observed Mg content ranges between 0.6 and 0.7 atoms per formula unit. The structural role of Mg is discussed.

Ianbruceite, ideally [Zn2(OH)(H2O)(AsO4)](H2O)2, is a new supergene mineral from the Tsumeb mine, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) region, Namibia. It occurs as thin platy crystals up to 80 μm long and a few μm thick, which form flattened aggregates up to 0.10 mm across, and ellipsoidal aggregates up to 0.5 mm across. It is associated with coarse white leiteite, dark blue köttigite, minor legrandite and adamite. Ianbruceite is sky blue to very pale blue with a white streak and a vitreous lustre; it does not fluoresce under ultraviolet light. It has perfect cleavage parallel to (100), is flexible, and deforms plastically. The Mohs hardness is 1 and the calculated density is 3.197 g cm-3. The refractive indices are α = 1.601, β = 1.660, γ = 1.662, all ±0.002; 2Vobs = 18(2)°, 2Vcalc = 20°, and the dispersion is r < v, weak. Ianbruceite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 11.793(2), b = 9.1138(14), c = 6.8265(10) Å, β = 103.859(9)°, V = 712.3(3) Å3, Z = 4, a:b:c = 1.2940:1:0.7490. The seven strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern [d(Å), I, (hkl)] are as follows: 11.29, 100, (100); 2.922, 17, (130); 3.143, 15, (202); 3.744, 11, (300); 2.655, 9, (230); 1.598, 8, (152); 2.252, 7, (222). Chemical analysis by electron microprobe gave As2O5 36.27, As2O3 1.26, Al2O3 0.37, ZnO 49.72, MnO 0.32, FeO 0.71, K2O 0.25, H2Ocalc 19.89, sum 108.79 wt.%; the very high oxide sum is due to the fact that the calculated H2O content is determined from crystal-structure analysis, but H2O is lost under vacuum in the electron microprobe.

The crystal structure of ianbruceite was solved by direct methods and refined to an R1 index of 8.6%. The As is tetrahedrally coordinated by four O anions with a mean As O distance of 1.687 Å. Zigzag [[5]Zn[6]Znϕ7] chains extend in the c direction and are linked in the b direction by sharing corners with (AsO4) tetrahedra to form slabs with a composition [Zn2(OH)(H2O)(AsO4)]. The space between these slabs is filled with disordered (H2O) groups and minor lone-pair stereoactive As3+. The ideal formula derived from chemical analysis and crystal-structure solution and refinement is [Zn2(OH)(H2O)(AsO4)](H2O)2.

Natural samples of the substituted basic Cu(II) chloride series, Cu4–xMx2+(OH)6Cl2(M = Zn, Ni, or Mg) were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in order to elucidate compositional boundaries associated with paratacamite and its congeners. The compositional ranges examined are Cu3.65Zn0.35(OH)6Cl2 – Cu3.36Zn0.64(OH)6Cl2 and Cu3.61Ni0.39(OH)6Cl2 – Cu3.13Ni0.87(OH)6Cl2, along with a single Mg-bearing phase. The majority of samples studied have trigonal symmetry (R3̄m) analogous to that of herbertsmithite (Zn) and gillardite (Ni), with a ≈ 6.8, c ≈ 14.0 Å. Crystallographic variations for these samples caused by composition are compared with both published and new data for the R3̄m sub-cell of paratacamite, paratacamite-(Mg) and paratacamite-(Ni). The observed trends suggest that the composition of end-members associated with the paratacamite congeners depend upon the nature of the substituting cation.

Today, the numerical simulation of fluid dynamic phenomena (CFD) in steelmaking applications is state of the art. The latest simulation results for the BOF and AOD as well as the thin strip casting process are described. The basic influence of the process parameters, e.g. blowing and stirring rate, vessel dimension, location of top lance, number and arrangement of porous plugs, on the converter melt flow and mixing time is simulated. In the case of thin strip casting, the free melt flow on the moving belt is influenced by an induced electromagnetic field. The respective MHD (magneto-hydrodynamic) is presented.

There are an estimated 277 000 cases of campylobacteriosis in Australia each year, most of which are thought to be sporadically acquired. To explore causes for these infections, we conducted a multi-centre case-control study of patients and community controls across five Australian States during 2001–2002. A total of 881 campylobacter cases and 833 controls aged ⩾5 years were recruited into the study. Crude logistic analyses were conducted within various food and non-food exposure groups. A final most parsimonious multivariable logistic regression model was developed and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived together with adjusted population attributable risks (PAR). Consumption of undercooked chicken (aOR 4·7, 95% CI 2·6–8·4) and offal (aOR 2·0, 95% CI 1·0–4·0), ownership of domestic chickens aged <6 months (aOR 12·4, 95% CI 2·6–59·3) and domestic dogs aged <6 months (aOR 2·1, 95% CI 1·1–4·2) were found to be independent risk factors for illness in the final model. The PAR proportions indicate that eating chicken meat, either cooked or undercooked may account for approximately 30% of campylobacter cases that occur each year in Australia. These results justify the continued need for education of consumers and foodhandlers about the risks associated with the handling of raw chicken and the potential for cross-contamination.

Experimental results are presented for the motion of a dry spot in a thin viscous film on a horizontal surface. These include global and spatial measurements of dry spot diameter, front velocities, static and dynamic contact angle, and the shape of the liquid–solid interface. Data are presented as a function of initial fluid depth for both an advancing fluid front of a collapsing dry spot and a receding fluid front of an opening dry spot. Results for both cases show that the final or static hole diameter increases as the initial fluid depth decreases. Also, insight is obtained into the relationship between the contact angle and the velocity for both advancing and receding fluid fronts. The experimental results are compared to a lubrication model, and good agreement is obtained.

The instability of a two-dimensional moving contact line is studied for a thin liquid film flowing down an inclined plane, leading to the formation of rivulets. A fluorescent imaging method was developed to facilitate accurate measurement of the spacing between rivulets, tip velocity, three-dimensional shape and dynamic contact line. A fluid circulation system produced steady films at constant volumetric flux, in contrast to time-varying films at constant total volume, as in previous measurements. Comparisons are made with the existing data for constant-volume films, and with theoretical predictions for the wavelength of the rivulets formed at constant inlet flow rate. Data were also obtained for rivulet shapes, tip speeds and contact angles as functions of the angle of inclination of the plate and liquid Reynolds number.

Koonibba is a non-traditional Aboriginal settlement 40 kilometres west of Ceduna. It began as a Lutheran mission in 1901, when Aboriginal people from several areas were gathered together at the foot of Koonibba Hill to live as a community. The mission operated until 1964, when the Lutheran Church officially ceased administrative control and various government departments took over. An Education Department school began then. Now approximately 100 adults and 35 children live at Koonibba. None of them are traditionally from this area, but all identify as being part of the Koonibba Community.

Kangaroo, sleepy lizard and other local native animals form a significant part of the Koonibba people’s diet but they have retained few other traditional skills.