The Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor is a unique aircraft capable of landing vertically, flying at speeds in excess of 300 KTAS (knots, true air speed), with the added feature of folding the rotor and wing for deployment from ships for US Navy, Marines, and SOF operations. During the development of the V-22, including 1200 hours of flight testing, a number of significant technology and design development challenges were encountered and overcome. This paper presents an overview of many of these challenges. It also reviews the integrated approach to testing to be used in the next phase of the flight test programme, and describes the changes that have been implemented to improve flight test productivity.

Communication between adult male and female Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) was disrupted by spraying microencapsulated formulations of pheromone inhibitor (IIA) (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl-acetate on lucerne plots in north-west Crete. Polyurea-based microcapsules applied at the rate of 100 g/ha active ingredient caused a 97% disruption for a period of seven days, as measured by the reduction of catches in the treated area in traps baited with the pheromone attractant (III) (Z)-9, (E)-11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate, compared with catches in control areas. At lower rates of application both the level of disruption after seven days and the subsequent persistence of the effect were reduced. When applied at a rate of 100 g/ha active ingredient, disruption of 80% and above was achieved for a period of three weeks. Slower release microcapsules containing IIA based on polyurea/polyamide appeared more effective in that a level of disruption was achieved at one-tenth the amount of active ingredient required for the polyurea-based formulations.

III dispensed in polythene vials caused 97% disruption when distributed at the rate of one vial per 9 m2, with lower levels of disruption at distributions of one vial per 25 m2 or 50 m2. IIA was much less effective in causing communication disruption at the same rates of distribution and no clear dose/response relationship was established.

Inside enclosures of 10 100 and 1 000 m2 fenced by single-strand polythene impregnated with IIA at the rate of 1 mg/5 cm and maintained at a height of 0·5 m, a high level of disruption in excess of 93% was achieved for the first five days. The effect persisted in the smaller enclosures in that disruption in excess of 80% was maintained for a period of 40 days. In the 1 000 m2 enclosure the effect declined much more quickly.

When IIA and III were dispensed together in WT traps the inhibitory effect persisted for at least 60 days. Similarly the polyurea-based microcapsules containing IIA together with III in WT traps maintained an inhibitory action for periods of 30–40 days. Polyurea/polyamide formulations of IIA were generally less effective, probably because loss from these slow releasing formulations became too low. Small numbers of mostly unmated female moths were attracted to the traps when IIA was exposed together with III, either when dispensed in the polythene vials or in microencapsulated formulations.

A large–scale mating disruption trial for the control of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) was carried out in the Fayoum Province of Egypt during the 1981 cotton season. Two areas, each of 50 ha, were sprayed with a microencapsulated formulation of the sex pheromone (a 1:1 mixture of (Z, Z)- and (Z, E)-1, 11-hexadecadienyl acetate) as the sole means of controlling this pest. Five applications of 10 g a.i./ha were made during the season using fixed-wing aircraft. The pheromone treatments were compared with conventional insecticide spray treatments in two other 50-ha areas of cotton. From comparisons of treatments in terms of various plant damage criteria including the percentage of rosetted flowers, percentage boll infestation, gross yield of seed cotton and lint quality, it was concluded that the pheromone treatment was equal in effect to the insecticide sprays.

Streptococcus agalactiae is a genetically diverse organism; when typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple types appear within a single serotype. We tested whether S. agalactiae PFGE types correspond to a specific serotype within individuals, and different individuals from the same geographic area. A total of 872 S. agalactiae isolates from 152 healthy individuals were classified by PFGE and capsular serotype. Serotype V was the most homogeneous (Simpson's diversity index 0·54); and types III, II and Ib were mostly heterogeneous (Simpson's diversity index ⩾0·90). Within an individual, isolates with the same PFGE patterns had identical capsular types, but across individuals the same PFGE types sometimes occurred in different serotypes. Capsular type alone is insufficient to define epidemiological relatedness. Although PFGE types appear to be a valid surrogate for capsular typing of isolates from the same individual, it is not a valid surrogate for serotype in isolates from different individuals.

In experiments performed aboard NASA's low-gravity KC-135 aircraft, it was found that rapid active control of radial electrostatic stresses can be used to suppress the growth of the (2,0) mode on capillary bridges in air. This mode naturally becomes unstable on a cylindrical bridge when the length exceeds the Rayleigh–Plateau (RP) limit. Capillary bridges having a small amount of electrical conductivity were deployed with a ring electrode concentric with each end of the bridge. A signal produced by optically sensing the shape of the bridge was used to control the electrode potentials so as to counteract the growth of the (2,0) mode. Occasionally the uncontrolled growth of the (3,0) mode was observed when the length far exceeded the RP limit. Rapid breakup from the growth of the (2,0) mode on long bridges was confirmed following deactivation of the control.

A novel method of suppressing the Rayleigh–Plateau capillary instability of a cylindrical liquid bridge is demonstrated which uses the radiation pressure of an ultrasonic wave to control the shape of the bridge. The shape of the bridge is optically sensed and the information used to control the spatial distribution of the radiation stress on the surface of the bridge. The feedback is phased so as to suppress the growth of the axisymmetric mode which normally becomes unstable when the slenderness, given by the length to diameter ratio, exceeds π. Stabilization is achieved out to a slenderness of 4.3 for a bridge density matched to the surrounding water bath in a Plateau tank. Breakup of such long bridges was found to produce a satellite drop from the receding thread of liquid. The active stabilization mechanism used may have application to other capillary systems.

The structure of porcine skin as examined by light microscopy is reviewed and its similarities to and differences from human skin are highlighted. Special imaging techniques and staining procedures are described and their use in gathering morphological information in porcine skin is discussed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was employed to examine the structure of porcine skin and the findings are presented as an adjunct to the information already available in the literature. It is concluded that CLSM provides valuable additional morphological information to material examined by conventional microscopy and is useful for wound healing studies in the porcine model.

There is a standard tradition in the ancient sources, which makes its first appearance at Thucydides 1.138.5, that, when Themistocles had fled into exile and been given the equivalent of political asylum by the Persian King Artaxerxes, he was ‘given’ the three Asiatic Greek cities of Magnesia, Myus and Lampsacus. There has been a fair amount of scholarly controversy over how the King could ‘give’ Themistocles Lampsacus, a city of great strategic importance on the Hellespont, which, by the mid-460s, was almost certainly within the ambit of the Delian League, i.e. no longer his to give. My concern in this paper is not with that political problem, but rather with a different, though related, issue – whether valid conclusions can be drawn from the Thucydides passage and the subsequent tradition for the social and economic history of these three cities in the classical period. I suggest that they cannot.

Commissural lip pits, pinna dysplasia, pre-auricular sinus and hearing loss constitute a recently described autosomal dominant branchial arch syndrome. In a large family, eight out of the 74 members were also affected by conductive hearing loss. No inner ear abnormalities could be demonstrated on the CT scans. In three patients (four ears) out of four patients (six ears), exploratory tympanotomy revealed serious ossicular chain anomalies. In one ear, round window aplasia was also present. Long-term hearing improvement could only be achieved in one ear.

The political significance of Ephialtes’ reforms as a constitutional watershed in Athenian history is a theme stressed in much of the later source material. He is presented as a man who significantly changed the nature of the existing, Cleisthenic, constitution in the direction of a more radical form of democracy.

Rhinosporidiosis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. The disease is endemic in India but very rare in Europe or other continents. The literature concerning aetiology, clinical appearance, morphology and treatment is reviewed. All reported European cases are summarized.

A number of procedures for fluorescent X-ray analysis have been introduced to accommodate the samples that are produced from research on the recovery of values from secondary metal sources. For some applications, standards are conveniently available such as those that can be purchased from the National Bureau of Standards. For other applications, secondary standards must be prepared and analyzed by independent methods. The sample preparation procedures vary considerably. For monitoring process efficiency, sample preparation is often kept at a minimum such as simply pouring loose powders into disposable cups. For the most accurate analyses, sample preparatton requires casting the alloys and finishing the surfaces. Matrix correction procedures are employed where concentrations of major constituents vary over wide ranges.

1. In his recent edition of the De Mysteriis, Mr. D. M. MacDowell has advanced the hypothesis that Andocides, contrary to the generally accepted view, was not guilty of mutilating the Hermae, but guilty of parodying the Mysteries; that, even after he had told what he knew about the former affair, he was kept in prison until, eventually, he confessed to the latter, incriminating, amongst others, his father Leogoras, to gain immunity for himself; and that finally, released and repentant, he helped his father to avoid prosecution. These conclusions are reached in an ingeniously argued series of appendices, in which the author displays a refreshing scepticism towards the evidence of Thucydides.

Aristophanes Frogs 1407–81 is a passage involving several problems of interpretation, the chief of which is, of course, the position and status of lines 1437–41 and 1451–3. In this brief note I shall confine myself to a consideration of the distribution of lines 1422–34 among the characters involved.

Editors are divided on the interpretation of nuda. According to Butler and Barber ad loc. it denotes the absence of defensive armour. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Propertiana, 217 understands it primarily with reference to offensive weapons. ‘Battles fought with sharpened sticks were nuda by comparison with swords and pila.’ Camps compromises: ‘nuda presumably = inermia, which may be used to indicate absence either of offensive or of defensive arms, so that probably both ideas are present here.’

Valentine (1, Theorems 2 and 3) has defined a three-point property which he called P3 and has shown that a closed subset of the euclidean plane possessing this property is expressible as the union of at most three convex sets. He also showed that if the number of isolated points of local non-convexity of such a set is one, finite and even, or infinite, the set is the union of two convex sets. In this paper we give properties which, together with Valentine's results, characterize those subsets of a plane which may be represented as a union of two closed, convex sets.