We examined the efficacy of cognitive and behavioral interventions for improving symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with neurological disorders. A pre-registered systematic search of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and Neurobite was performed from inception to May 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which examined the efficacy of cognitive and behavioral interventions in treating depression and/or anxiety among adults with neurological disorders were included. Estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed on categorical and continuous moderators, respectively. Main outcomes were pre- and post-intervention depression and anxiety symptom scores, as reported using standardized measures. Fifty-four RCTs involving 5372 participants with 11 neurological disorders (including multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke) were included. The overall effect of interventions yielded significant improvements in both depression (57 arms, Hedges' g = 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.54) and anxiety symptoms (29 arms, g = 0.38, 95% CI 0.29–0.48), compared to controls. Efficacy was greater in studies which employed a minimum baseline symptom severity inclusion criterion for both outcomes, and greater in trials using inactive controls for depression only. There was also evidence of differential efficacy of interventions across the neurological disorder types and the outcome measure used. Risk of bias, intervention delivery mode, intervention tailoring for neurological disorders, sample size, and study year did not moderate effects. Cognitive and behavioral interventions yield small-to-moderate improvements in symptoms of both depression and anxiety in adults with a range of neurological disorders.

Rift propagation, rather than basal melt, drives the destabilization and disintegration of the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf. Since 2016, rifts have episodically advanced throughout the central ice-shelf area, with rapid propagation events occurring during austral spring. The ice shelf's speed has increased by ~70% during this period, transitioning from a rate of 1.65 m d−1 in 2019 to 2.85 m d−1 by early 2023 in the central area. The increase in longitudinal strain rates near the grounding zone has led to full-thickness rifts and melange-filled gaps since 2020. A recent sea-ice break out has accelerated retreat at the western calving front, effectively separating the ice shelf from what remained of its northwestern pinning point. Meanwhile, a distributed set of phase-sensitive radar measurements indicates that the basal melting rate is generally small, likely due to a widespread robust ocean stratification beneath the ice–ocean interface that suppresses basal melt despite the presence of substantial oceanic heat at depth. These observations in combination with damage modeling show that, while ocean forcing is responsible for triggering the current West Antarctic ice retreat, the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf is experiencing dynamic feedbacks over decadal timescales that are driving ice-shelf disintegration, now independent of basal melt.

Resistive tearing instabilities are common in fluids that are highly electrically conductive and carry strong currents. We determine the effect of stable stratification on the tearing instability under the Boussinesq approximation. Our results generalise previous work that considered only specific parameter regimes, and we show that the length scale of the fastest-growing mode depends non-monotonically on the stratification strength. We confirm our analytical results by solving the linearised equations numerically, and we discuss whether the instability could operate in the solar tachocline.

Mica particles approximately 10 or 25 mm square and 0.5 mm thick were placed in NaCl-NaTPB solutions to make visual observations of the changes that occur in micas when the interlayer K is replaced by Na. Samples of muscovite, biotite, phlogopite, lepidolite, and lepidomelane were used, and the effects of different degradation periods were photographed.

An increase in the thickness of the particles due to basal planes splitting apart was observed with all micas. This exfoliation released interlayer K and in some cases caused the particles to cleave into separate flakes. Lepidomelane particles remained intact despite a 20-fold increase in thickness in 7 days. Even muscovite and lepidolite exfoliated and cleaved, but much longer degradation periods were needed.

There was a distinct change in the color of the dark biotite, phlogopite and lepidomelane particles when K was removed. Therefore, the initial stages of K depletion at holes, scratches, and edges of the particles were easily followed. As the degradation of the mica particles progressed, however, the color of the mica became a less reliable index of the stage of K depletion. Visual evidence of K depletion at the edges of particles was also obtained with muscovite, but not with lepidolite.

Transverse sections of 25-mm particles of K-depleted biotite were photographed to show the edge expansion that occurred when interlayer K was replaced by Na.

Respect for language, as everyone acknowledges, is a constant of French culture. It is no less clear, however, that the appraisal of language and of its powers and the notion formed of its essential nature vary from epoch to epoch. Intense philosophical, scientific and literary preoccupation with language and the age-old problems it raises is undoubtedly one of the most significant characteristics of pre-romanticism. The traditional respect for language, manifest İn discussions of inversion and of the importance of signs in the formation of ideas, is gradually transformed, when these discussions have run their course, into a cult of language in general and of the word in particular. Indeed, by much insistence on the primordial importance of language in the act of knowledge, thinkers such as Locke and Condillac, and after them Voltaire, Diderot, Maupertuis, Rousseau, Garat, and many others, eventually endow the instrument of thought with an autonomy that thought itself, subjugated by matter, was in danger of losing. “ Ah! Monsieur “, exclaims Diderot, combien notre entendement est modifi・ par les signes.” Minds seem to pass, at this critical moment of European reflection, from a purely intellectual conception of language—which, moreover, the Grammaire de Port-Royal barely distinguished from logic—to a mythological conception of its principal functions.

Interlayer K in muscovite, biotite, phlogopite, illite and vermiculite-hydrobiotite samples was replaced by cation exchange with Na. The rate and amount of exchange varied with the mineral and the level of K in solution.

Essentially, all the K in muscovite, biotite, phlogopite and vermiculite was exchangeable when the mass-action effect of the replaced KT was reduced by maintaining a very low level of K in solution. The time required for this exchange varied from < 10 hr with vermiculite to > 45 weeks with muscovite. Only 66% of the K in the illite was exchangeable under these conditions. When the replaced K was allowed to accumulate in the solution, the amount of exchange was determined by the level of K in solution required for equilibrium. These levels decreased with the degree of K-depletion and with the selectivity of the mica for K. The order of selectivity was muscovite > illite > biotite > phlogopite > vermiculite. Decreasing the K in solution from 10 to 7 ppm increased the exchangeable K in biotite from 30 to 100%. A K level of only 0.1 ppm restricted the exchange of K in muscovite to 17%.

A decrease in layer charge was not required for K exchange, but a decrease did occur in K-depleted biotite and vermiculite. Muscovite with the highest layer charge (247 meq/100 g), least expansion with Na (12.3Å), and least sensitivity to solution pH had the highest selectivity for K and the slowest rate of exchange. The K in vermiculite was the most readily exchangeable.

Samples of several naturally fine-grained micaceous minerals were heated at 450°C for 24 hr (after the effects of other temperatures and heating periods were evaluated with the < 2 μm fraction of Grun-dite) and then characterized in terms of their release of K to NaCl-NaTPB (sodium tetraphenylboron) solutions and other potentially related properties.

This heat treatment produced a substantial increase in the amount of K that each mineral released when first placed in the NaCl-NaTPB solution (the greatest increase being 22 m-equiv K/100 g in Marblehead illite). Depending upon the mineral heated, the subsequent rate of K release was increased, decreased or unchanged. Also, all the minerals except glauconite exhibited an increase (ranging from 4 to 38 m-equiv K/100 g) in their maximum degree of K release if they were heated. Thus, it was established that the K release behavior of these minerals is not only subject to appreciable alteration by heat treatments but is altered in a manner that varies with the mineral. The nature of these alterations, however, did not clearly identify an involvement of the other mineral properties that were examined. An increase in NH4- and Cs-exchangeable K occurred when these minerals were heated—presumably as a result of exfoliation. With Morris illite samples, this increase was nearly 28 m-equiv 100 g. Thus, heated samples of these minerals may be useful sinks for the removal of NH4 and Cs in various wastes.

We study self-similar viscous fingering for the case of divergent flow within a wedge-shaped Hele-Shaw cell. Previous authors have conjectured the existence of a countably infinite number of selected solutions, each distinguished by a different value of the relative finger angle. Interestingly, the associated solution branches have been posited to merge and disappear in pairs as the surface tension decreases. For the first time, we demonstrate how the selection mechanism can be derived based on exponential asymptotics. Asymptotic predictions of the finger-to-wedge angle are additionally given for different sized wedges and surface-tension values. The merging of solution branches is explained; this feature is qualitatively different to the case of classic Saffman–Taylor viscous fingering in a parallel channel configuration. Moreover, because the asymptotic framework does not highly depend on specifics of the wedge geometry, the proposed theory for branch merging in our self-similar problem likely relates much more widely to tip-splitting instabilities in time-dependent flows in circular and other geometries, where the viscous fingers destabilise and divide in two.

Goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf are difficult to control due to a lack of selective herbicides. Based on preliminary field observations, we hypothesized that paclobutrazol and flurprimidol would reduce the overall competitiveness of goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass. Greenhouse and field studies were designed to evaluate the effect of several plant growth regulators (PGRs) on goosegrass and smooth crabgrass competitive indices. In greenhouse studies, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, trinexapac-ethyl, and prohexadione-calcium were applied either preemergence only or preemergence plus two biweekly postemergence applications to goosegrass and smooth crabgrass plants to simulate the first 1.5 mo of typical PGR programs used on golf courses. Two weeks after the final postemergence treatment, aboveground biomass and root biomass were recorded. Programmatic flurprimidol and paclobutrazol applications reduced smooth crabgrass aboveground biomass by 67% and 69%, respectively, and more than trinexapac ethyl or prohexadione-calcium. When averaged across application programs, flurprimidol and paclobutrazol reduced smooth crabgrass root biomass by 74% and goosegrass biomass by 73% to 80%. Field studies were established to further evaluate the influence of PGRs on smooth crabgrass coverage in creeping bentgrass turf. Treatments consisting of flurprimidol, trinexapac-ethyl, flurprimidol plus trinexapac-ethyl, paclobutrazol, and fenoxaprop-p were applied every 3 wk from April to August. Weed coverage data were collected throughout the growing season, and final smooth crabgrass control data were collected at the end of the season. In general, flurprimidol-containing treatments more effectively reduced smooth crabgrass coverage throughout the growing season than trinexapac ethyl. After the studies, regimens that contained flurprimidol controlled smooth crabgrass by 68% to 73%, greater than any other PGR program evaluated. Results from these studies indicate that flurprimidol may be used to effectively control smooth crabgrass or goosegrass in creeping bentgrass turf. These are the first reported data regarding the use of flurprimidol for smooth crabgrass or goosegrass control in turf.

International agreements save the costs of war, but complying with their terms can be costly. We analyse a model of interstate crisis bargaining in which one state may be unwilling or unable to make a costly investment that guarantees its subjects’ compliance. In equilibrium, peace is assured when the domestic government is militarily strong enough to demand terms that its subjects tolerate. When the domestic government is militarily weaker, peace requires that the foreign state compensate it for either the costs of enforcement or its subjects’ violations, and these prospective costs of peace may also lead the foreign state to solve the enforcement problem with war because peace is relatively costly. We also show that war due to enforcement problems is more common in militarily weak states and that equilibria at which the foreign state subsidizes enforcement are more common when the costs of violation fall disproportionately on the domestic state. The American invasion of Mexico in 1916 and the Red Army's peaceful withdrawal from East Germany in 1989 demonstrate the model's usefulness.