People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more likely to experience binge eating than the general population, which may interfere with their diabetes management. Guided self-help (GSH) is one of the recommended treatment options for binge eating disorder, but there is currently a lack of evidenced treatment for binge eating in individuals living with T2D. The aims of this pilot study were to test the feasibility and acceptability of recruiting and delivering the adapted, online Working to Overcome Eating Difficulties GSH intervention to adults with T2D and binge eating. The intervention comprises GSH materials presented online in seven sections delivered over 12 weeks, supported by a trained Guide. Twenty-two participants were recruited in a case series design to receive the intervention and we interviewed four Guides and five participants afterwards. We measured binge eating, mental wellbeing, quality of life and weight at pre-post and 12-week follow-up. Results showed a significant reduction in binge eating at the end of the intervention, which continued to improve at follow-up. Before the programme, 92 % of participants scored above cut-off for binge eating. This reduced to 41 % post-intervention and no-one at follow-up. These changes were accompanied by significant improvements in depression, anxiety and small changes in eating disorder symptoms. Participants reported making better lifestyle choices, eating more mindfully and having increased self-confidence. The study shows preliminary evidence for online GSH tailored to the needs of individuals with T2D as a feasible and acceptable approach to improving binge eating, diabetes management and mental wellbeing.

Residents of rural areas are underrepresented in research. The aim of this narrative review was to explore studies describing the effectiveness of community engagement strategies with rural communities to promote participant recruitment and participation in clinical research. Following PRISMA guidelines, this narrative review was conducted in June 2020. Our search strategy was built around keywords that included community-engaged research, rural community, and recruitment strategies into clinical research. Content-related descriptive statistics were summarized. The selected articles were distributed into categories of levels of community engagement: inform, consult, involve, collaborate, or co-lead. The search resulted in 2,473 identified studies of which forty-eight met inclusion criteria. Of these, 47.1% were randomized controlled trials. The most common levels of engagement were consultation (n = 24 studies) and collaboration (n = 15), while very few focused on informing (n = 2) and co-leadership (n = 2). Strategies, limitations, and findings are discussed for each level of community engagement. This narrative addressed a gap in knowledge regarding participant recruitment in rural communities in relation to assistance from community members. Community engagement contributed to the success of the research, especially in recruitment, participation, and building trust and partnership.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: We review our strategy to use live community events on Facebook to share health and clinical research information and share further steps to increase engagement. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To describe the use of live community events to enhance communication about clinical and health research through a Facebook platform (MN Research Link) with diverse social media users. The project identified variables associated with video engagement and strategic implications. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: From June 2019 to November 2020 we streamed 31 events on the MN Research Link Facebook public page. Events highlighted different investigators’ clinical and health research in the areas of mental health, health and wellness, chronic diseases and immunology/infectious diseases. Facebook analytics were used to determine the number of views, total minutes viewed, average video watch time, and audience retention. Engagement score was calculated as the total number of interactions (likes, shares, and comments) divided by total number of followers (N=1437), expressed as a percentage RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Events averaged 24secs/16 min (SD=0.4). A mean of 1.61 (SD=1.28) followers viewed the events live but an average of 417.52 (SD=793.50) followers viewed after the event posted. The average engagement score was 1.1%. Mean total minutes viewed for all 31 videos was 253.5 (SD= 437.6). Viewers spent an average of 17 seconds (SD=0.01) watching each piece of video content. On average 28 followers viewed the events for at least 1-minute event (SD= 48.7). Audience retention at the halfway point for each video was 15.74% (SD=0.19). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Results suggest that novel approaches are necessary for active engagement. Promotion of live events is recommended to increase participation and length of engagement. Prior length of engagement (average 17 seconds), suggests refining video introduction will increase engagement.

Previous discussions of mass extinction mechanisms generally focused on circumstances unique to each event. However, some have proposed that extensive volcanism combined with bolide impact may offer a general mechanism of mass extinction. To test this hypothesis we compared generic extinction percentages for 73 stages or substages of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. We found that the highest frequency of intervals with elevated extinction occurred when continental flood basalt volcanism and bolide impact co-occurred. In contrast, neither volcanism nor impact alone yielded statistically elevated extinction frequencies. Although the magnitude of extinction was uncorrelated with the size of the associated flood basalt or impact structure, crater diameter did correlate with extinction percentage when volcanism and impact coincided. Despite this result, case-by-case analysis showed that the volcanism-impact hypothesis alone cannot explain all intervals of elevated extinction. Continental flood volcanism and impact share important ecological features with other proposed extinction mechanisms. Impacts, like marine anoxic incursions, are pulse disturbances that are sudden and catastrophic, and cause extensive mortality. Volcanism, like climate and sea level change, is a press disturbance that alters community composition by placing multi-generational stress on ecosystems. We propose that the coincidence of press and pulse events, not merely volcanism and impact, is required to produce the greatest episodes of dying in Phanerozoic history.

We describe eight cases of primary cerebral lymphoma seen in Manitoba from 1980 to 1985.

The clinical presentation is similar to other primary brain tumors. The diagnosis should be considered when single or multiple, often deep lesions, show dense enhancement on computerized tomographic (CT) scan, but are avascular at angiography. These tumors are histologically indistinguishable from non-Hodgkins lymphomas arising outside the CNS.

The prognosis is poor. However, radiotherapy with or without surgery may offer significant palliation. Although there is no consensus on the value of chemotherapy, corticosteroids alone or multiagent chemotherapy have shown promise in a few cases. For these reasons, histologic diagnosis should be sought in all cases and surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy should be considered, as prolonged survival is possible.

Background: Periodontoid synovial cysts are rare lesions which may produce symptomatic cervico-medullary compression. Method: We report such a patient, whose progressive neurological deterioration required surgical treatment by transoral odontoidectomy and decompression. Results: The diagnostic and theraputic interventions are described, including a lumbar puncture which precipitated a transient loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest. Surgery achieved clinical improvement, without complications or need for operative stablization. Detailed neuropathology is presented, as well as a literature review. Conclusion: Appropriate neuroradiological assessment is required in patients with suspected cervico-medullary compression, and symptomatic periodontoid synovial cysts may respond well to transoral surgical decompression.

Determining appropriate topics and target audiences is essential to design effective educational outreach programs. Based on landowner responses to a mail survey, we determined both the importance and the availability of wildlife and forest management information topics to Mississippi landowners. Combining this information clearly identified the appropriate subject matter for outreach programs—topics important to landowners and for which information was relatively unavailable. The importance of wildlife and forest management information relative to its availability depended on the region, land use patterns, and landowner characteristics, thus demonstrating which segments of the population should be targeted to maximize program impact.

X-ray powder diffraction data are presented for nine new phases with the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure. By comparison with the structure of the M=Nb,RE=La analogue, these contain Ba in the large pentagonal sites with coordination number 15, a range of large rare-earth cations and Bi in the twelve coordinate sites, and the smaller cations, Ti and either Nb or Ta, in the octahedral framework sites. The a lattice parameter data of the tetragonal unit cell show an approximately linear variation with trivalent ion radius, apart from Dy, whose value appears to be anomalous; data for c show little variation with trivalent ion radius.