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Two introduced carnivores, the European red fox Vulpes vulpes and domestic cat Felis catus, have had extensive impacts on Australian biodiversity. In this study, we collate information on consumption of Australian birds by the fox, paralleling a recent study reporting on birds consumed by cats. We found records of consumption by foxes on 128 native bird species (18% of the non-vagrant bird fauna and 25% of those species within the fox’s range), a smaller tally than for cats (343 species, including 297 within the fox’s Australian range, a subset of that of the cat). Most (81%) bird species eaten by foxes are also eaten by cats, suggesting that predation impacts are compounded. As with consumption by cats, birds that nest or forage on the ground are most likely to be consumed by foxes. However, there is also some partitioning, with records of consumption by foxes but not cats for 25 bird species, indicating that impacts of the two predators may also be complementary. Bird species ≥3.4 kg were more likely to be eaten by foxes, and those <3.4 kg by cats. Our compilation provides an inventory and describes characteristics of Australian bird species known to be consumed by foxes, but we acknowledge that records of predation do not imply population-level impacts. Nonetheless, there is sufficient information from other studies to demonstrate that fox predation has significant impacts on the population viability of some Australian birds, especially larger birds, and those that nest or forage on the ground.
Teaching Secondary History provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of teaching History to years 7–12 in Australian schools. Engaging directly with the Australian Curriculum, this text introduces pre-service teachers to the discipline of History. It builds on students' historical knowledge, thinking and skills and offers practical guidance on how to construct well-rounded History lessons for students. From inquiry strategies and teacher- and student-centred practice, to embedding the cross-curriculum priorities in planning and assessment, this text supports the learning and development of pre-service History teachers by connecting the 'big ideas' of teaching with the nuance of History content. Each chapter features short-answer and Pause and think questions to enhance understanding of key concepts, Bringing it together review questions to consolidate learning, classroom scenarios, examples of classroom work and a range of information boxes to connect students to additional material.
Background: The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center identified a cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on an inpatient geriatric stroke care unit involving both patients and staff. The period of suspected severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and exposure on the unit was December 20, 2020, to January 1, 2021, with some patients and staff developing symptoms and testing positive within the 14 days thereafter. Methods: An epidemiologic investigation was conducted via chart review, staff interviews, and contact tracing to identify potential patient and staff linkages. All staff who worked on the unit were offered testing regardless of the presence of symptoms as well as all patients admitted during the outbreak period. Results: In total, 6 patients likely acquired COVID-19 in the hospital (HCA). An additional 6 patients admitted to the unit during the outbreak period subsequently tested positive but had other possible exposures outside the hospital (Fig. 1). One patient failed to undergo COVID-19 testing on admission but tested positive early in the cluster and is suspected to have contributed to patient to employee transmission. Moreover, 32 employees who worked on the unit in some capacity during this period tested positive, many of whom became symptomatic during their shifts. In addition, 18 employees elected for asymptomatic testing with 3 testing positive; these were included in the total. Some staff also identified potential community exposures. Additionally, staff reported an employee who was working while symptomatic with inconsistent mask use (index employee) early in the outbreak period. The index employee likely contributed to employee transmission but had no direct patient contact. Our epidemiologic investigation ultimately identified 12 employees felt to be linked to transmission based on significant, direct patient care provided to the patients within the outbreak period (Fig. 1). In addition, 3 employees had an exposure outside the hospital indicating likely community transmission. Conclusions: Transmission was felt to be multidirectional and included employee-to-employee, employee-to-patient, and patient-to-employee transmission in the setting of widespread community transmission. Interventions to stop transmission included widespread staff testing, staff auditing regarding temperature and symptom monitoring, and re-education on infection prevention practices. Particular focus was placed on appropriate PPE use including masking and eye protection, hand hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection practices throughout the unit. SARS-CoV-2 admission testing and limited visitation remain important strategies to minimize transmission in the hospital.
This chapter argues that Edmund Spenser is at his most deeply political when he invites his readers to immerse themselves in the lush flowerbeds of his poetry. Immersive reading of the lavish and apparently “pointless” descriptions and inventories of flowers in The Shepheardes Calendar, Virgils Gnat, Muiopotmos, and the Garden of Adonis in The Faerie Queene reveal Spenser at his most resistant to submitting the poetic word to the ideological controls associated with the Crown and the court. Spenser plants his flowerbeds in the morally positive terrain of the liberty of speech and poetic license.
This chapter turns to the comic counterpart of Romeo and Juliet, written about the same time with as deep an engagement with Ovid. Dream, however, marks Shakespeare’s shift to thinking about Ovid’s bold, parrhesiastic verse and voice through the Metamorphoses rather than the Amores. Shakespeare taps Ovid’s poem of changes and changed bodies as his own, parallel contribution to the animated and parrhesiastic theater of his day, following and paralleling Marlowe. The chapter explores the trail-blazing path that Shakespeare’s Ovidian girls, Hermia and Helena, make in their pursuit of a dual goal: bold speech and marriage to the man of their desires. The dual goals are incompatible, as the chapter reveals. And so the Athenian and deeply Ovidian girls of the play hand the torch of parrhesiastic speech over to the artisan-actors, who perform the play within the play and participate in the huge send-up that Shakespeare’s acting troupe provides for those members of its aristocratic audience who have no respect for the craftsmen also in attendance to this play and others like it.
Christopher Marlowe was the boldest of the Elizabethan Ovidians and, moreover, the first Elizabethan to translate all of Ovid’s bold erotic elegies into English and, further, to infuse his own poetry and plays with what he saw as the combustible core of Ovid’s boldness in the erotic elegies, or Amores. This chapter establishes Marlowe’s iconoclasm and supposed exceptionalism as a model for his peers and colleagues to adopt and adapt. For Marlowe, Ovidian allusion involves a challenge to change, adapt, and innovate. This is the poetic model that Marlowe employed in his verse and plays such as Tamburlaine, Edward II, and Doctor Faustus and, moreover, the model he passed along to his colleagues and followers.