One species-general life history (LH) principle posits that challenging childhood environments are coupled with a fast or faster LH strategy and associated behaviors, while secure and stable childhood environments foster behaviors conducive to a slow or slower LH strategy. This coupling between environments and LH strategies is based on the assumption that individuals’ internal traits and states are independent of their external surroundings. In reality, individuals respond to external environmental conditions in alignment with their intrinsic vitality, encompassing both physical and mental states. The present study investigated attachment as an internal mental state, examining its role in mediating and moderating the association between external environmental adversity and fast LH strategies. A sample of 1169 adolescents (51% girls) from 9 countries was tracked over 10 years, starting from age 8. The results confirm both mediation and moderation and, for moderation, secure attachment nullified and insecure attachment maintained the environment-LH coupling. These findings suggest that attachment could act as an internal regulator, disrupting the contingent coupling between environmental adversity and a faster pace of life, consequently decelerating human LH.

We systematically study the dissipative anomaly in compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence using direct numerical simulations, and show that the total dissipation remains finite as viscosity diminishes. The dimensionless dissipation rate $\mathcal {C}_{\varepsilon }$ fits well with the model $\mathcal {C}_{\varepsilon } = \mathcal {C}_{\varepsilon,\infty } + \mathcal {D}/R_L^-$ for all levels of flow compressibility considered here, where $R_L^-$ is the generalized large-scale Reynolds number. The asymptotic value $\mathcal {C}_{\varepsilon,\infty }$ describes the total energy transfer flux, and decreases with increase of the flow compressibility, indicating non-universality of the dimensionless dissipation rate in compressible MHD turbulence. After introducing an empirically modified dissipation rate, the data from compressible cases collapse to a form similar to the incompressible MHD case depending only on the modified Reynolds number.

In 2017, Brosseau & Vlahovska (Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 119, no. 3, 2017, p. 034501) found that, in a strong electric field, a weakly conductive, low-viscosity droplet immersed in a highly conductive, high-viscosity medium formed a lens shape, and liquid rings continuously detached from its equatorial plane and subsequently broke up into satellite droplets. This fascinating multiphase electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomenon is known as droplet equatorial streaming. In this paper, based on the unified lattice Boltzmann method framework proposed by Luo et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Engng Sci, vol. 379, no. 2208, 2021, p. 20200397), a novel lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is constructed for multiphase EHD by coupling the Allen–Cahn type of multiphase LB model and two new LB equations to solve the Poisson equation of the electric field and the conservation equation of the surface charge. Using the proposed LB model, we successfully reproduced, for the first time, the complete process of droplet equatorial streaming, including the continuous ejection and breakup of liquid rings on the equatorial plane. In addition, it is found that, under conditions of high electric field strength or significant electrical conductivity contrast, droplets exhibit fingering equatorial streaming that was unknown before. A power-law relationship is discovered for droplet total charge evolution and a theoretical model is then proposed to describe the droplet radius and height over time. The breakup of liquid rings is found to be dominated by capillary instability, while the breakup of liquid fingers is governed by the end-pinching mechanism. Finally, a phase diagram is constructed for fingering equatorial streaming and ring equatorial streaming, and a criterion equation is established for the phase boundary.

Empirical reaction progress diagrams showing the trends of major element oxide concentrations (in g/cm3) as functions of bulk density for a diabase saprolite reveal discontinuities in the trends of Al2O3, MgO, H2O+, and nonextractable Fe2O3. The discontinuities coincide with discontinuities in the trends of (1) the kaolinite-smectite 001 peak-intensity ratio, (2) the smectite 002-001 peak intensity ratio, and (3) the smectite basal spacing as functions of bulk density. The discontinuities are apparently related to redox conditions in the weathering profile because they occur at a depth where siderite veins first appear in the saprolite. Oxidizing conditions in the upper part of the profile appear to have favored the formation of Ferich smectite over kaolinite, whereas reducing conditions deeper in the profile favored the formation of kaolinite over Al-rich smectite. These results indicate that where geochemical conditions favor retention of Fe over Al, smectites can form in preference to kaolinite or gibbsite even under conditions of strong leaching.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cause of stroke, with 10–15% of patients experiencing dependence or death. The role of endovascular therapy (EVT) in the management of CVT remains controversial and practice patterns are not well-known. Methods: We distributed a comprehensive 53-question survey to neurologists, neuro-interventionalists, neurosurgeons and other relevant clinicians globally from May 2023 to October 2023. The survey asked about practice patterns and perspectives on EVT for CVT and assessed opinions regarding future clinical trials. Results: The overall response rate was 31% (863 respondents from 2744 invited participants) across 61 countries. A majority (74%) supported use of EVT for certain CVT cases. Key considerations for EVT included worsening level of consciousness (86%) and other clinical deficits (76%). Mechanical thrombectomy with aspiration (22%) and stent retriever (19%) were the most utilized techniques, with regional variations. Post-procedurally, low molecular weight heparin was the predominant anticoagulant administered (40%), although North American respondents favored unfractionated heparin. Most respondents supported future trials of EVT (90%). Conclusions: Our survey reveals significant heterogeneity in approaches to EVT for CVT, highlighting the necessity for adequately powered clinical trials to guide standard-of-care practices.

Ultrafast optical probing is a widely used method of underdense plasma diagnostic. In relativistic plasma, the motion blur limits spatial resolution in the direction of motion. For many high-power lasers the initial pulse duration of 30–50 fs results in a 10–15 μm motion blur, which can be reduced by probe pulse post-compression. Here we used the compression after compressor approach [Phys.-Usp. 62, 1096 (2019); JINST 17 P07035 (2022)], where spectral broadening is performed in thin optical plates and is followed by reflections from negative-dispersion mirrors. Our initially low-intensity probe beam was down-collimated for a more efficient spectral broadening and higher probe-to-self-emission intensity ratio. The setup is compact, fits in a vacuum chamber and can be implemented within a short experimental time slot. We proved that the compressed pulse retained the high quality necessary for plasma probing.

It is estimated that one-quarter of the world’s population has Metabolic Syndrome (MS)(1), a key driver of growth in healthcare expenditure. Traditional approaches to treating MS through the application of standard dietary recommendations and caloric restriction have had limited success. More recent evidence suggests that novel, anti-inflammatory approaches such as replacing refined carbohydrates and ultra-processed food with unprocessed or minimally processed, lower carbohydrate foods and adapting meal timing and frequency may be more effective(2). The aim of the study was twofold: 1) To determine the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory dietary strategies for long-term weight loss and improvement in metabolic health and 2) To examine the relationships between eating behaviours and long-term weight loss. Twelve-month audit data from a UK based 12-week lifestyle program that focuses the principles of consuming an anti-inflammatory diet was analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA to examine the effects of the program on changes in weight and waist circumference. A quantitative, survey-based research design was used to retrospectively identify relationships between eating behaviours and both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory dietary patterns. Multivariate regression using stepwise method was used to examine differences in weight change based on eating patterns and behaviours. Six hundred and forty-two (N = 642) participants (age = 50.4 ± 12.5 years, female 63.6%, weight = 96.1 kg ± 22.1, BMI 35.2 kg/m2 ± 7.5) demonstrated a weight loss average of 4.49 kg ± 3.78 post-lifestyle program (12 weeks). Survey respondents (N = 64) reported a maximum long term weight loss of 13.9 kg ± 11.9. Weight loss and percentage weight loss after the program was significantly predicted by daily consumption of sweet drinks and grain-based foods. The model predicted one unit increase in daily serving consumption of these foods resulted in less weight lost [2.3 kg (4.5%)]. Seventy one percent of survey respondents had maintained most or all their weight loss for more than 6 months. The model predicted change in consumption of grain-based foods, TFEQ-emotional eating score, consumption of savoury ultra-processed foods, and following an alternative dietary approach after the program were statistically significant in predicting weight loss maintenance (R2 = 0.803, F(4, 20) = 20.376, p < 0.001). The preliminary findings suggest that anti-inflammatory dietary approaches are effective and sustainable for weight loss. Eating behaviour may both support and hinder long term changes in eating patterns and whilst there are significant relationships between eating behaviour and eating patterns, the extent to which dietary patterns drive eating behaviour remains unclear.

The prevailing concept that positive-edge to negative-face attraction accounts for the rheological behavior of montmorillonite suspensions at low electrolyte concentration was investigated. In one experiment, Mg2+ released from Na-montmorillonite was measured at several NaCl concentrations; in a second experiment, the viscosity, η, and the extrapolated shear stress, θ, were measured at several clay concentrations, pHs, and NaCl concentrations; and in a third experiment, the absorbance, A, was measured at two wavelengths (450 and 760 nm) at different clay and electrolyte concentrations. The released Mg2+ decreased with increasing NaCl concentration until it became zero at a NaCl concentration between 0.01 and 0.02 M, depending on pH. Thereafter, it increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Both θ and η were highly correlated with the amount of released Mg2+. Also, A remained constant until the NaCl concentration corresponded to that at the minimum of θ. Thereafter, it increased and became linearly related to θ. These results suggest: (1) positive-edge to negative-face interaction cannot solely account for the rheological properties of montmorillonite at low electrolyte concentration, and (2) the release of octahedral Mg2+ from montmorillonite affects θ, because it reduces the negative charge on the particles and, thereby, the repulsive force between them.

Designing a reasonable M/G/1 retrial queue system that enhances service efficiency and reduces energy consumption is a challenging issue in Information and Communication Technology systems. This paper presents an M/G/1 retrial queue system incorporating random working vacation (RWV) and improved service efficiency during vacation (ISEV) policies, and examines its optimal queuing strategies. The RWV policy suggests that the server takes random working vacations during reserved idle periods, effectively reducing energy consumption. In contrast, the ISEV policy strives to augment service efficiency during regular working periods by updating, inspecting or maintaining the server on vacations. The system is transformed into a Cauchy problem to investigate its well-posedness and stability, employing operator semigroup theory. Based on the system’s stability, steady-state performance measures, such as service efficiency, energy consumption and expected costs, are quantified using the steady-state solution. The paper subsequently demonstrates the existence of optimal queuing strategies that achieve maximum efficiency and minimum expected costs. Finally, two numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the system.

Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.

The laboratory generation and diagnosis of uniform near-critical-density (NCD) plasmas play critical roles in various studies and applications, such as fusion science, high energy density physics, astrophysics as well as relativistic electron beam generation. Here we successfully generated the quasistatic NCD plasma sample by heating a low-density tri-cellulose acetate (TCA) foam with the high-power-laser-driven hohlraum radiation. The temperature of the hohlraum is determined to be 20 eV by analyzing the spectra obtained with the transmission grating spectrometer. The single-order diffraction grating was employed to eliminate the high-order disturbance. The temperature of the heated foam is determined to be T = 16.8 ± 1.1 eV by analyzing the high-resolution spectra obtained with a flat-field grating spectrometer. The electron density of the heated foam is about $N_e=4.0\pm 0.3\times {10}^{20}{\text{cm}}^{-3}$ under the reasonable assumption of constant mass density.

In preparation for an experiment with a laser-generated intense proton beam at the Laser Fusion Research Center at Mianyang to investigate the 11B(p,α)2α reaction, we performed a measurement at very low proton energy between 140 keV and 172 keV using the high-voltage platform at the Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou. The aim of the experiment was to test the ability to use CR-39 track detectors for cross-section measurements and to remeasure the cross-section of this reaction close to the first resonance using the thick target approach. We obtained the cross-section σ = 45.6 ± 12.5 mb near 156 keV. Our result confirms the feasibility of CR-39 type track detector for nuclear reaction measurement also in low-energy regions.

There has been limited research on clay mineral transformation in serpentinitic soils under humid tropical conditions. In this study, four soil pedons were selected along a toposequence from the summit (Entisol), shoulder (Vertisol), backslope (Alfisol) to footslope (Ultisol) positions to explore the contributions and the significance of landscape and weathering status of serpentinitic rock with regard to clay mineral transformations in eastern Taiwan. Experimental results indicated that the large amount of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate-extractable Fe (Fed) and clay in the subsurface horizon were mainly caused by the strong leaching potential from intensive rainfall and weathering of the fine-grained parent rocks. The clay mineralogy reflected the clear weathering trend of the soils along the toposequence: (1) the soils on the summit and shoulder contained smectite and serpentine, which are predominant in the young soils derived from serpentinitic rocks; and (2) vermiculite gradually increased in the relatively old soils on backslope and footslope. The mineralogical transformations observed along the toposequence indicated that chlorite and serpentine, initially present in the Entisol on the summit, weather into smectite and interstratified chlorite-vermiculite in the intermediate soil on the shoulder under strong leaching and oxidizing conditions. Furthermore, vermiculite formed as the major weathering product of chlorite and smectite in the soil developed on the backslope. In addition to vermiculite, kaolinite and quartz formed in the soils on the footslope with the greatest concentration of Fed along the toposequence.