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87 results

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  • Estimating and managing blowout risk during access to subglacial Antarctic lakes
  • Mario P. Brito, Gwyn Griffiths, Matthew Mowlem, Keith Makinson
  • Journal: Antarctic Science / Volume 25 / Issue 1 / February 2013
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 August 2012, pp. 107-118
  • Print publication: February 2013
  • View abstract

    As Antarctic subglacial lake research progresses to in situ exploration an important topic is the lake's probable gas concentration. Depending on hydrological setting, subglacial lakes may contain large amounts of dissolved gas or gas trapped within clathrates. Consequently, access can be potentially dangerous due to the risk of blowout where depressurization could lead to high-speed ejection of water and gas from a borehole. We present a structured approach to assess the blowout risk in subglacial lake exploration. The approach integrates a generic event tree, applicable to open and closed hydrological systems, with site-specific expert judgment incorporating rigorous probabilistic formulations. The methodology is applied to a motivating example: Ellsworth Subglacial Lake. Judgments elicited through a formal process were provided by five experts with 88 years combined experience that, after aggregation, gave a median risk of blowout of 1 in 2186 with a lower quartile of 1 in 3433 and an upper quartile of 1 in 1341. This approach can be applied to any subglacial lake given a modicum of knowledge on its hydrological setting, as uncertainty can be captured through the elicited judgments. Additionally, the event tree analysis informs blowout mitigation strategies to reduce risk of injury or death.

  • James Rennell and British Arctic expeditions, 1818–1829
  • Gwyn Griffiths
  • Journal: Polar Record / Volume 29 / Issue 170 / July 1993
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 October 2009, pp. 189-196
  • View abstract

    During the resurgence of Arctic exploration in the early years of the nineteenth century, James Rennell was the leading British geographer. He had a deep interest in exploration, and was a close friend of many naval and scientific men involved in Arctic research. Rennell used the observations of a number of explorers in his major work on the currents of the Atlantic — the first scientific treatise on ocean currents. These observations led Rennell to form opinions on where northwest passages would and would not be found, in particular, that Prince Regent Inlet would prove to be a cul-de-sac. Rennell was also doubtful of the practicality and usefulness of such passages — his brief, commonsense dismissal being in stark contrast to many statements of his contemporaries. This paper sets out his relationship with the explorers of the time and his role as a scientific interpreter of their data.

  • Reliability of the Camberwell Assessment of Need – European Version: EPSILON Study 6
  • Paul McCrone, Morven Leese, Graham Thornicroft, Aart H. Schene, Helle Charlotte Knudsen, José Luis Vázquez-Barquero, Antonio Lasalvia, Sarah Padfield, Ian R. White, Gwyn Griffiths, EPSILON Study Group
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 177 / Issue S39 / July 2000
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. s34-s40
  • Print publication: July 2000
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  • View abstract
    Background

    The five-country European Psychiatric Services: Inputs Linked to Outcome Domains and Needs (EPSILON) Study aimed to develop standardised and reliable outcome instruments for people with schizophrenia. This paper reports reliability findings for the Camberwell Assessment of Need – European Version (CAN-EU).

    Method

    The CAN – EU was administered in each country, at two points in time to assess test – retest reliability, and was rated by two interviewers at the first administration. Cronbach's α, test–retest reliability and interrater reliability were compared between the five sites. Reliability coefficients and standard errors of measurement for summary scores were estimated.

    Results

    Sites varied in levels and spread of needs. Alphas were 0.48, 0.58 and 0.64 for total, met and unmet needs respectively. Test–retest reliability estimates, pooled over sites, were 0.85 for the total needs, 0.69 for met needs and 0.78 for unmet needs. Pooled estimates for interrater reliability were higher, at 0.94, 0.85 and 0.79 for total, met and unmet needs respectively. There were statistically significant differences in interrater reliability between sites.

    Conclusion

    The results confirm the feasibility of using CAN–EU across sites in Europe and its psychometric adequacy.

  • 31 - The legacy of Egypt in Judaism
  • Edited by William Horbury, University of Cambridge, W. D. Davies, Duke University, North Carolina, John Sturdy
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Judaism
  • Published online: 28 March 2008
  • Print publication: 09 December 1999, pp 1025-1051
  • View extract

    Summary

    Whereas Judaism represents a highly distinctive phenomenon, especially in the history of religions, in several phases of its evolution it was exposed to outside influences. Already in earlier eras the geographical position of Syria and Palestine meant that the area was very open to commercial and cultural penetration from the direction of both Mesopotamia and Egypt, and of this there is abundant archaeological evidence. The early Israelite experience of Egypt is reflected in the traditions concerning Abraham's sojourn in that country and Joseph's splendid career there, however shadowy the historical background may seem, as well as in the much more fundamental impact of the tradition concerning Moses and the Exodus. Judaism belongs to a period of increasingly intimate contacts with other peoples. During the Persian period Jewish soldiers served their Persian masters in many areas, and their garrison at Elephantine on Egypt's southern border has well illustrated the tendencies which were apparent in the Diaspora. When Persian power yielded to Alexander and his successors, an era of quickened converse between nations ensued; and under Rome and Byzantium the process gathered still further momentum.

    SOME EQYPTIAN RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

    It was in religion that Egypt exercised her most potent attraction. For close on three thousand years the religion of Pharaonic Egypt was preeminently a national religion. Theologically it was firmly linked to kingship, for each Pharaoh was in life equated with the national god Horus, while in death he became Osiris, the father of Horus; he was also called the son of Rê.

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