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34 results

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  • The effect of a prospective intervention program with automated monitoring of hand hygiene performance in long-term and acute-care units at a Veterans Affairs medical center

  • W. Grant Starrett, James W. Arbogast, Albert E. Parker, Pamela T. Wagner, Susan E. Mahrer, Vanessa Christian, Barbara L. Lane, V. Lorraine Cheek, Gregory A. Robbins, John M. Boyce, Hari Polenakovik
  • Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , First View
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 August 2023, pp. 1-8
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  • Objective:

    To measure the impact of an automated hand hygiene monitoring system (AHHMS) and an intervention program of complementary strategies on hand hygiene (HH) performance in both acute-care and long-term care (LTC) units.

    Design:

    Prospective, nonrandomized, before-and-after intervention study.

    Setting:

    Single Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), with 2 acute-care units and 6 LTC units.

    Methods:

    An AHHMS that provides group HH performance rates was implemented on 8 units at a VAMC from March 2021 through April 2022. After a 4-week baseline period and 2.5-week washout period, the 52-week intervention period included multiple evidence-based components designed to improve HH compliance. Unit HH performance rates were expressed as the number of dispenses (events) divided by the number of patient room entries and exits (opportunities) × 100. Statistical analysis was performed with a Poisson general additive mixed model.

    Results:

    During the 4-week baseline period, the median HH performance rate was 18.6 (95% CI, 16.5–21.0) for all 8 units. During the intervention period, the median HH rate increased to 21.6 (95% CI, 19.1–24.4; P < .0001), and during the last 4 weeks of the intervention period (exactly 1 year after baseline), the 8 units exhibited a median HH rate of 25.1 (95% CI, 22.2–28.4; P < .0001). The median HH rate increased from 17.5 to 20.0 (P < .0001) in LTC units and from 22.9 to 27.2 (P < .0001) in acute-care units.

    Conclusions:

    The intervention was associated with increased HH performance rates for all units. The performance of acute-care units was consistently higher than LTC units, which have more visitors and more mobile veterans.

  • “Head versus heart”: Effect of monetary frames on expression of sympathetic magical concerns

  • Paul Rozin, Heidi Grant, Stephanie Weinberg, Scott Parker
  • Journal: Judgment and Decision Making / Volume 2 / Issue 4 / August 2007
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2023, pp. 217-224
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  • Most American respondents give “irrational,” magical responses in a variety of situations that exemplify the sympathetic magical laws of similarity and contagion. In most of these cases, respondents are aware that their responses (usually rejections, as of fudge crafted to look like dog feces, or a food touched by a sterilized, dead cockroach) are not “scientifically” justified, but they are willing to avow them. We interpret this, in some sense, as “heart over head.” We report in this study that American adults and undergraduates are substantially less likely to acknowledge magical effects when the judgments involve money (amount willing to pay to avoid an “unpleasant” magical contact) than they are when using preference or rating measures. We conclude that in “head-heart” conflicts of this type, money tips the balance towards the former, or, in other words, that money makes the mind less magical.

  • Clinical and cost-effectiveness of social recovery therapy for the prevention and treatment of long-term social disability among young people with emerging severe mental illness (PRODIGY): randomised controlled trial

  • Clio Berry, Joanne Hodgekins, Paul French, Tim Clarke, Lee Shepstone, Garry Barton, Robin Banerjee, Rory Byrne, Rick Fraser, Kelly Grant, Kathryn Greenwood, Caitlin Notley, Sophie Parker, Jon Wilson, Alison R. Yung, David Fowler
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 220 / Issue 3 / March 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 January 2022, pp. 154-162
  • Print publication: March 2022
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  • Background

    Young people with social disability and severe and complex mental health problems have poor outcomes, frequently struggling with treatment access and engagement. Outcomes may be improved by enhancing care and providing targeted psychological or psychosocial intervention.

    Aims

    We aimed to test the hypothesis that adding social recovery therapy (SRT) to enhanced standard care (ESC) would improve social recovery compared with ESC alone.

    Method

    A pragmatic, assessor-masked, randomised controlled trial (PRODIGY: ISRCTN47998710) was conducted in three UK centres. Participants (n = 270) were aged 16–25 years, with persistent social disability, defined as under 30 hours of structured activity per week, social impairment for at least 6 months and severe and complex mental health problems. Participants were randomised to ESC alone or SRT plus ESC. SRT was an individual psychosocial therapy delivered over 9 months. The primary outcome was time spent in structured activity 15 months post-randomisation.

    Results

    We randomised 132 participants to SRT plus ESC and 138 to ESC alone. Mean weekly hours in structured activity at 15 months increased by 11.1 h for SRT plus ESC (mean 22.4, s.d. = 21.4) and 16.6 h for ESC alone (mean 27.7, s.d. = 26.5). There was no significant difference between arms; treatment effect was −4.44 (95% CI −10.19 to 1.31, P = 0.13). Missingness was consistently greater in the ESC alone arm.

    Conclusions

    We found no evidence for the superiority of SRT as an adjunct to ESC. Participants in both arms made large, clinically significant improvements on all outcomes. When providing comprehensive evidence-based standard care, there are no additional gains by providing specialised SRT. Optimising standard care to ensure targeted delivery of existing interventions may further improve outcomes.

  • Breeding behaviour of colour-aberrant Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at Cape Crozier, Ross Island, Antarctica

  • Parker M. Levinson, Annie E. Schmidt, Virginia Morandini, Megan Elrod, Dennis Jongsomjit, Grant Ballard
  • Journal: Antarctic Science / Volume 33 / Issue 4 / August 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 May 2021, pp. 335-343

  • Plumage colour variation occurs widely among bird species and is often associated with individual fitness. More specifically, colouration can affect thermoregulatory ability, mate selection and conspicuousness during foraging. Colour aberrations can be caused by genetic mutations, dietary imbalances, environmental conditions or disease and are rare. Plumage variations have previously been noted in Adélie penguins, although without any follow-up to measure implications for behaviour or fitness. To assess how this low-frequency condition affects breeding in Adélie penguins, we monitored the breeding of several colour-aberrant Adélie penguins during the 2019–2020 nesting season at the large Cape Crozier, Ross Island colony (> 300,000 pairs). In total, we found 12 individuals with unusual plumage for a frequency of 1:50,000 breeding penguins. There were seven dark brown Adélie penguins, three progressive greying Adélie penguins, one dilute Adélie penguin and one brown Adélie penguin, of which five were female, three male and four of unknown sex. Six colour aberrants initiated breeding with a normal-coloured mate, and five raised at least one chick to crèche. The likelihood of breeding and breeding success of colour aberrants were similar to those of normal-coloured Adélie penguins, suggesting that colour aberrations do not negatively affect breeding.

  • Afterword: Decolonising Minds via Curricula?

    • By Grant Parker, Stanford University and Stellenbosch University
  • Edited by Jonathan Jansen
  • Book: Decolonisation in Universities
  • Published by: Wits University Press
  • Published online: 25 October 2019
  • Print publication: 01 August 2019, pp 255-264

  • Summary

    It may be useful to tease out some common threads that emerge from the foregoing chapters. In doing so it is impossible to avoid addressing the merits of the decolonisation movement itself, though that is not the intention. Rather, the emphasis will be on identifying some centres of gravity within the preceding discussions.

    In the interests of full disclosure, I should first offer a word about my subject position. I offer these comments as an outsider to the field, yet no stranger to South Africa or to the broader issues at stake. A South African by birth and training, I was trained academically in ancient Greek and Roman studies. In keeping with recent trends, I have pursued ancient studies in a context of the comparative global humanities. In fact the frequent resistance of my field to engaging with (South) Africa has provided an incentive and an urgent need to explore connections and contexts, including colonial histories, anew. For this reason, while a classicist may seem uniquely unsuited to comment on the topic of decolonisation, I would argue that such a background encourages a broad and deep view of some of the issues at stake.

    TIME FRAMES

    First, a broader issue to emerge in the discussion around decolonisation is that of time frames. An oft-noted assumption of the Fallist protests was that university curricula are unreconstructed creations of colonialism: the existing reality is more complicated, as contributors here point out (see Sayed, Motala and De Kock, Chapter 8, and Jansen [2017]). This makes the ‘Why now?’ question disconcerting in several respects, in both a national and an international framework.

    To be sure, the initial use of the term ‘decolonisation’ had a strictly political valence, denoting the process by which former colonies gained self-determination from mostly West European metropoles, most specifically in the period from 1947 (Partition) to 1962 (Algeria's independence from France), though those dates by no means encapsulate the entire process.

    In South Africa, by contrast, the call for decolonisation comes very belatedly in relation to twentieth-century world history, and even then somewhat belatedly compared to the establishment of democracy in the country.

South Africa, Greece, Rome
  • Classical Confrontations
  • Edited by Grant Parker
  • Published online: 28 September 2017
  • Print publication: 31 August 2017
  • How have ancient Greece and Rome intersected with South African histories? This book canvasses architecture, literature, visual arts and historical memory. Some of the most telling manifestations of classical reception in South Africa have been indirect, for example neo-classical architecture or retellings of mythical stories. Far from being the mere handmaiden of colonialism (and later apartheid), classical antiquity has enabled challenges to the South African establishment, and provided a template for making sense of cross-cultural encounters. Though access to classical education has been limited, many South Africans, black and white, have used classical frames of reference and drawn inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans. While classical antiquity may seem antithetical to post-apartheid notions of heritage, it deserves to be seen in this light. Museums, historical sites and artworks, up to the present day, reveal juxtapositions in which classical themes are integrated into South African pasts.

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