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16 results

  • Mycobacterium chimaera infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients associated with heater-cooler devices—Kansas and California, 2019

  • Kerui Xu, Lauren E. Finn, Robert L. Geist, Christopher Prestel, Heather Moulton-Meissner, Moon Kim, Bryna Stacey, Gillian A. McAllister, Paige Gable, Talar Kamali, Annabelle de St Maurice, Shangxin Yang, Kiran M. Perkins, Matthew B. Crist
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 43 / Issue 10 / October 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 October 2021, pp. 1333-1338
    Print publication:
    October 2022
  • Background:

    In 2015, an international outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infections among patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgeries was associated with exposure to contaminated LivaNova 3T heater-cooler devices (HCDs). From June 2017 to October 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was notified of 18 patients with M. chimaera infections who had undergone cardiothoracic surgeries at 2 hospitals in Kansas (14 patients) and California (4 patients); 17 had exposure to 3T HCDs. Whole-genome sequencing of the clinical and environmental isolates matched the global outbreak strain identified in 2015.

    Methods:

    Investigations were conducted at each hospital to determine the cause of ongoing infections. Investigative methods included query of microbiologic records to identify additional cases, medical chart review, observations of operating room setup, HCD use and maintenance practices, and collection of HCD and environmental samples.

    Results:

    Onsite observations identified deviations in the positioning and maintenance of the 3T HCDs from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendations and the manufacturer’s updated cleaning and disinfection protocols. Additionally, most 3T HCDs had not undergone the recommended vacuum and sealing upgrades by the manufacturer to decrease the dispersal of M. chimaera–containing aerosols into the operating room, despite hospital requests to the manufacturer.

    Conclusions:

    These findings highlight the need for continued awareness of the risk of M. chimaera infections associated with 3T HCDs, even if the devices are newly manufactured. Hospitals should maintain vigilance in adhering to FDA recommendations and the manufacturer’s protocols and in identifying patients with potential M. chimaera infections with exposure to these devices.

  • Part II - The Dynamic of the Embedded Liberalism Compromise

  • Edited by Gillian Moon, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Lisa Toohey, University of Newcastle, New South Wales
  • Book:
    The Future of International Economic Integration
    Published online:
    21 September 2018
    Print publication:
    27 September 2018, pp 79-158

  • Summary

    This chapter explores the application of embedded liberalism in the context of the interpretation and application of Article III of the GATT, the National Treatment (NT) rule, using Taiwan’s Mijiu taxation as a case study. It discusses the impact of embedded liberalism on the development of the WTO NT jurisprudence and argues that the recent development of the jurisprudence has moved away from embedded liberalis’ and has created inconsistencies in the application of the NT rule under Article III itself as well as under different WTO agreements. Based on the current jurisprudence, the article analyses whether the Taiwan’s Mijiu taxation is in breach of the GATT NT rule and whether a different outcome may be achieved if ‘embedded liberalism’ is applied so that trade liberalisation and regulatory autonomy are both considered in determining the NT-consistency of the Mijiu tax.

  • 4 - Universal Human Rights in the Embedded Liberalism Compromise

  • from Part I - The Concept of the Embedded Liberalism Compromise
  • Edited by Gillian Moon, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Lisa Toohey, University of Newcastle, New South Wales
  • Book:
    The Future of International Economic Integration
    Published online:
    21 September 2018
    Print publication:
    27 September 2018, pp 42-57

  • Summary

    In “Universal human rights in the Embedded Liberalism Compromise”, Gillian Moon sets out in three parts a suggested approach for understanding the influence and, arguably, presence of universal human rights in the Embedded Liberalism Compromise and offers some reflections on what that interpretation might mean for the way the trade regime is understood today. Moon suggests that employment was seen in the post-War period by the industrialized states as the decisive variable in maintaining social (and political) stability and that it was from this viewpoint that they sought to retain powers to intervene in their domestic economies, consciously curbing their GATT commitments. Moon describes the presence generally of human rights-related ideas in the decision-making of the time, as well as the presence specifically of labour-related human rights in the discussions leading to the development of the Compromise. She concludes that ‘human rights’ in a general or attitudinal sense were a part of the Embedded Liberalism Compromise. In the final part, some questions consequent upon these findings are posed and some reflections are offered on the insights they provide into the relationship between human rights and the trade regime in 2018.

  • 11 - Embedded Liberalism and Global Business

  • from Part III - Engineering the Embedded Liberalism Compromise: Addressing the Future in Times of Turmoil
  • Edited by Gillian Moon, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Lisa Toohey, University of Newcastle, New South Wales
  • Book:
    The Future of International Economic Integration
    Published online:
    21 September 2018
    Print publication:
    27 September 2018, pp 185-198

  • Summary

    Chapter 11 reflects on a reduction since the post-war period in the power of governments to control factors affecting 'domestic stability'. Two changes effected by corporations have reduced states’ ability to nurture domestic stability through the means of such “merely national social bargains” as the Embedded Liberalism Compromise: the evolution of global supply chains and the automation revolution. Both changes spring directly from the gradual expansion of economic liberalism, particularly in relation to investment and capital, and involve a dramatic alteration to both traditional methods of production and the terms and availability of employment. The significance of the changes is that they have been commercially driven, cost-reducing alterations imposed by non-state actors (corporations), developments over which domestic governments have little regulatory reach. Yet their impacts may be seen in populist-led political developments – even instability – in the United States and in Europe and Britain, the very nations states which brokered the Compromise seventy years ago. The changes challenge the role of governments in safeguarding domestic stability, as many of its elements will be managed by corporations applying commercial considerations. It concludes that these aspects of domestic stability are now largely in the hands of non-state actors, with domestic governments no longer in a controlling position.

  • Part III - Engineering the Embedded Liberalism Compromise: Addressing the Future in Times of Turmoil

  • Edited by Gillian Moon, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Lisa Toohey, University of Newcastle, New South Wales
  • Book:
    The Future of International Economic Integration
    Published online:
    21 September 2018
    Print publication:
    27 September 2018, pp 159-242

  • Summary

    This chapter explores the relationship between WTO law regulating trade in 'cultural products' and government intervention aiming to protect and promote national cultural identity and diversity of cultural expression, particularly where such intervention contributes to the preservation of domestic stability. Since such cultural policy measures may be understood as antithetical to social disruption, Sucker examines them through the prism of the Embedded Liberalism Compromise and explores the regulatory scope for governments of WTO Members to minimize disruption to the diversity of cultural expressions. Elaborating first on the development of the 'collective aim' of maintaining cultural diversity, Sucker then explains how the manner of achieving this aim was

The Future of International Economic Integration
  • The Embedded Liberalism Compromise Revisited
  • Edited by Gillian Moon, Lisa Toohey
  • Published online:
    21 September 2018
    Print publication:
    27 September 2018
  • As part of the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a compromise on domestic socio-economic issues was struck and subsequently given the name 'embedded liberalism'. The Future of International Economic Integration explores the multiple dimensions of the embedded liberalism compromise, to understand its contemporary influence on both the scope and application of international trade law, and on the content and character of parallel domestic socio-economic policy space. Top international economic law scholars have contributed chapters that look at the four principal dimensions of the topic. It sets out the history and character of the embedded liberalism compromise, explores the relationship between the compromise and WTO law, explores areas of contemporary tension that invoke the principles of the compromise such as human rights, cultural diversity, and environmental protection, and investigates what future impact the compromise might have on new trade and investment agreements.

  • 12 - The Human Rights Dimension in Exchanges

  • Edited by Ross P. Buckley, University of New South Wales, Sydney
  • Book:
    Debt-for-Development Exchanges
    Published online:
    01 June 2011
    Print publication:
    25 April 2011, pp 138-151

  • Summary

    There are two principal aspects to the human rights dimension in debt-for-development exchanges. The first relates to the beneficial potential of the exchanges: they can be a useful mechanism to enhance the realisation of human rights, especially economic and social rights. The second arises when a particular development project or the broader scheme under which it operates has an adverse impact on some human rights in the debtor country.

    Development is a variable and contested concept. That said, improving people's social and economic situation, by moving towards higher levels of human health, education, employment and standards of living generally, constitutes a large part of the process of development under most definitions. Likewise, improvements in systems of law and governance, such as greater participation in government, guarantees of free and fair elections and impartial systems of law enforcement, form a large part of most conceptualisations of development. These understandings of development focus on improvements in human well-being, as distinct from, say, narrower notions of industrial or technological development.

    Human development goals of this kind are also guaranteed human rights under international law. Indeed, there is a high level of interaction and interdependence between the process of development and the realisation of human rights. This chapter considers debt-for-development exchanges from this perspective. It looks, first, at the human rights obligations of states in the context of development and at what is meant by the term ‘development’.