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A new look at how reading was practised and represented in England from the seventh century to the beginnings of the print era, finding many kinships between reading cultures across the medieval longue durée.
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) has emerged out of the quantitative approach to psychiatric nosology. This approach identifies psychopathology constructs based on patterns of co-variation among signs and symptoms. The initial HiTOP model, which was published in 2017, is based on a large literature that spans decades of research. HiTOP is a living model that undergoes revision as new data become available. Here we discuss advantages and practical considerations of using this system in psychiatric practice and research. We especially highlight limitations of HiTOP and ongoing efforts to address them. We describe differences and similarities between HiTOP and existing diagnostic systems. Next, we review the types of evidence that informed development of HiTOP, including populations in which it has been studied and data on its validity. The paper also describes how HiTOP can facilitate research on genetic and environmental causes of psychopathology as well as the search for neurobiologic mechanisms and novel treatments. Furthermore, we consider implications for public health programs and prevention of mental disorders. We also review data on clinical utility and illustrate clinical application of HiTOP. Importantly, the model is based on measures and practices that are already used widely in clinical settings. HiTOP offers a way to organize and formalize these techniques. This model already can contribute to progress in psychiatry and complement traditional nosologies. Moreover, HiTOP seeks to facilitate research on linkages between phenotypes and biological processes, which may enable construction of a system that encompasses both biomarkers and precise clinical description.
Necrotising otitis externa is increasingly being seen and treated within the UK. The aim of this study was to explore the potential cost of a cohort of patients with necrotising otitis externa presenting to a single tertiary NHS trust.
Method
This was a retrospective study with data from 14 patients with confirmed necrotising otitis externa who were treated, monitored, discharged or who died between October 2016 and November 2018. Direct costs using the tariffs from the 2018 to 2019 financial year included in-patient stay, imaging, peripheral inserted central catheter line cost, ENT and out-patient parenteral antibiotic therapy visits and antimicrobial duration.
Results
The mean cost of treatment per patient was £17 615 (range, £9407 to £38 230) with an extreme outlier costing more than £122 000.
Conclusion
Awareness and education at a primary care level and research into robust imaging to aid termination of treatment may lower costs in the future by catching pathology early and reducing treatment duration.
Necrotising otitis externa is an invasive, infective condition, with minimal evidence underpinning its diagnosis and management. This work aimed to analyse literature from the past decade, to identify emerging themes and important topics for future research.
Methods
A robust literature search and review were conducted by two researchers. Sixty studies were filtered into the final review. A grounded theory approach was used to identify core themes. Data within these themes formed the basis of the review.
Results
There is no consensus regarding a clinical definition or outcome measures of necrotising otitis externa, and there exists no level 1, 2 or 3 evidence to diagnose, investigate, monitor or treat necrotising otitis externa. Emerging themes in the literature direct researchers to important topics for future clinical trials, including risk factors, microbiological culture, management strategies and radiology.
Conclusion
In order to optimise understanding and management of necrotising otitis externa, future research requires robust clinical trials and consistently reported outcome measures.