Introduction

The right to development is the right of individuals and peoples to an enabling environment for development that is equitable, sustainable, participatory, and in accordance with the full range of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Such an environment is free from structural and unfair obstacles to development domestically as well as globally (UN High Level Task Force 2010).

The current scale and severity of global poverty provide a jarring contrast and add urgency to efforts to attain the sought-for enabling environment. In light of this, this chapter discusses the key attributes of the right to development from a human rights perspective, considering its conceptual and legal bases. As such, it particularly examines social justice; participation, accountability, and transparency; and international cooperation. It gives special emphasis to the legal framework of the right to development, examining the extent of the state duties to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to development at a national and international level.

Considering the 1986 Declaration on the Right to Development as a dynamic, living instrument of enduring value in addressing current and emerging challenges central to development, this chapter concludes by highlighting the contemporary challenges and perspectives of the implementation of the right to development, inspired by the human rights-based approach to development and a development approach to human rights.

INTRODUCTION

The adoption of the new Constitution in Brazil in 1988 ushered in a new era of social rights protections and a nascent jurisprudence on the topic. Supported by a broad-ranging recognition of social rights, the Brazilian judiciary has issued a number of seminal decisions that have positively affected the realisation of these rights, particularly the right to health. This chapter examines the protection of social rights in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, emphasising the innovations and advances the Constitution has produced by identifying these rights, for the first time, as fundamental rights. From this constitutional analysis, the chapter moves on to examine the justiciability of social rights in Brazilian courts, analysing cases relating to the right to health and education and evaluating the response of Brazilian courts to the interpretation and implementation of social rights. Finally, the chapter draws some conclusions on the impact of social rights judgments in Brazil and offers thoughts on ways to address the challenges of ensuring a fuller use of the justiciable possibilities.

SOCIAL RIGHTS IN THE 1988 CONSTITUTION

The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 represents a legal landmark in the country's democratic transition and in the movement towards the institutionalisation of human rights. Reflecting the ‘post-dictatorship’ democratic consensus, this constitutional text marks the break with the era of the authoritarian military regimes that had held power since 1964.