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13 results

  • Maternal history of childhood maltreatment and later parenting behavior: A meta-analysis
  • Laura-Émilie Savage, George M. Tarabulsy, Jessica Pearson, Delphine Collin-Vézina, Lisa-Marie Gagné
  • Journal: Development and Psychopathology / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / February 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 February 2019, pp. 9-21
  • View abstract

    Exposure to maltreatment during childhood (CM) can have deleterious effects throughout the life span of an individual. A parent's history of child maltreatment can also impact his or her own parenting behavior. Theoretically, parents who experienced maltreatment as children may have fewer resources to cope with the challenges of childrearing and may adopt more problematic parenting behaviors. However, empirical studies examining the association between CM and later parenting behavior have yielded mixed results. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of studies that have examined the association between exposure to CM and the subsequent parenting outcomes of mothers of 0- to 6-year-old children. A secondary aim is to examine the potential impact of both conceptual and methodological moderators. A total of 32 studies (27 samples, 41 effect sizes, 17,932 participants) were retained for analysis. Results revealed that there is a small but statistically significant association between maternal exposure to CM and parenting behavior (r = –.13, p < .05). Moderator analyses revealed that effect sizes were larger when parenting measures involved relationship-based or negative, potentially abusive behaviors, when samples had a greater number of boys compared to girls, and when studies were older versus more recent. Results are discussed as they relate to the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and abuse.

  • A Review of Android Apps for Smoking Cessation
  • Melanie E. Bennett, Kristin Toffey, Faith Dickerson, Seth Himelhoch, Emily Katsafanas, Christina L.G. Savage
  • Journal: Journal of Smoking Cessation / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / December 2015
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2014, pp. 106-115
  • Print publication: December 2015
  • View abstract

    Introduction: The use of applications (apps) on smartphones and tablet devices is a fast growing component of health behaviour change efforts, including smoking cessation. While the content and utility of iPhone apps for smoking cessation have been systematically reviewed, Android apps have not been examined.

    Aims: This study reviewed and evaluated free Android apps for smoking cessation available for download from Google Play and Amazon's USA homepage in January 2013.

    Methods: Apps were reviewed; those targeting smoking cessation were identified and examined to ensure that they targeted tobacco smoking and were focused on quitting. Remaining apps were independently rated by three reviewers for 24 clinical strategies for smoking cessation. Results: Overall, 284 free apps were identified using the search terms ‘quit smoking’, ‘smoking cessation’, and ‘stop smoking’; 113 apps that targeted smoking cessation were downloaded for further review. Of these, 21 targeted tobacco smoking and were focused on quitting. These apps had moderate to low ratings for the 24 strategies, indicating that they lacked several of the most helpful strategies for quitting smoking. The apps were strongest in helping users track the number of cigarettes smoked. None connected users to on-line sources of support, referred users to smoking cessation counselling, or recommended the use of nicotine replacement therapies.

    Conclusions: While Android apps for smoking cessation have some strengths, they would benefit from incorporating a broader range of strategies for helping people quit smoking.

  • 5 - MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM
  • David C. Lindberg, Michael H. Shank
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Science
  • Published online: 05 September 2013
  • Print publication: 07 October 2013, pp 139-167
  • View extract

    Summary

    Throughout medieval Islamic society, a medical pluralism existed as a continuum running from the formal theories and practices of learned medicine to those of local custom and magic. In the pre-Islamic Near East, there were medical concerns and practitioners who tended the needs of the sick and injured. For several centuries prior to the rise of Islam, Alexandria, as well as Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Edessa, and Amida, had flourished as centers of scientific and medical activity. In the tenth and early eleventh centuries, several Arabic medical encyclopedias were composed that proved to be particularly influential in the learned medical tradition. Ophthalmology was the subject of specialized treatises and a topic in which medieval Islamic writers displayed considerable originality. The Arabic literature on pharmacology quickly assumed a different form from that inherited from the Hellenistic world. In contrast to ophthalmology and pharmaceutics, the Islamic writings concerned with anatomy remain quite conservative, deviating little from their Hellenistic models.
  • 2 - Elastic Proteins: Biological Roles and Mechanical Properties
  • Edited by Peter R. Shewry, University of Bristol, Arthur S. Tatham, University of Bristol, Allen J. Bailey, University of Bristol
  • Book: Elastomeric Proteins
  • Published online: 13 August 2009
  • Print publication: 30 October 2003, pp 15-38
  • View extract

    Summary

    INTRODUCTION

    The objective of this chapter is to present an analysis of structural design in elastic proteins, to elucidate the functional role that these materials play in the lives of real organisms, and to discover whether molecular mechanisms in these materials could be exploited through biotechnology. One striking feature of the elastic proteins we will consider is that they exhibit an exceptionally broad range of material properties and functional roles. As a starting point, therefore, it may prove useful to explore some general features of mechanical design in elastic proteins to set the stage for the detailed analysis of the individual proteins in the chapters that follow.

    It is frequently assumed that mechanical and biochemical devices in organisms represent perfect or near perfect solutions to the problems that organisms encounter in their lives. Although it is not clear if this optimistic view is strictly true for elastic proteins, or for any other systems in biology, it is likely that elastic proteins are relatively good designs because they have been tested and modified through eons of evolutionary history. For the purpose of our discussion, we will define ‘design’ as the relationship between the structure and the function of biological devices, as they exist in living organisms. There are two paths towards an understanding the design of elastic proteins. Most obvious, the direct analysis of microscopic and molecular structure will reveal details of molecular mechanisms in elastic proteins and will document structure–property relationships for these materials.

  • 27 - Islam
  • from Part IV - Non-Western Traditions
  • Edited by Roy Porter, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, University College London
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Science
  • Published online: 28 March 2008
  • Print publication: 17 March 2003, pp 647-668
  • View extract

    Summary

    The eighteenth century was a period characterized by confrontations, exchanges, and misunderstandings between Europe and Islam. The European commercial and military expansion that began in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries continued throughout the eighteenth century, and in its wake some early modern European technologies and scientific ideas were introduced into the Middle East. These concepts and technologies coexisted, sometimes uneasily, with medieval Islamic practices. It was a period of ambivalence among Islamic rulers as well as scholars as to the relevance or acceptability of Western science and technology.

    The Napoleonic Expedition of 1798 symbolizes the organized introduction of European science, medicine, and technology into the Near East, for engineers and scientists accompanying the expedition to Egypt methodically introduced the latest European ideas while at the same time recording the indigenous technologies they encountered. Prior to that, the introduction of European scientific ideas was sporadic, and occasionally there was a lengthy time lag before their introduction into the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal worlds. After its introduction, the integration of a new technology into the culture occurred (if at all) only after a considerable interval of time during which there were social and sometimes ideological adaptations.

    Historians have given relatively little attention to scientific, medical, and technological activities in the eighteenth century in the Islamic world. The sources for this period are fragmentary and difficult to interpret. Relatively few treatises written in Arabic, Persian, or Turkish during this period have been studied by scholars, and historians are largely dependent on records of European travelers, diplomats, and missionaries – accounts that are often superficial or prejudiced.