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15 results

  • Psychotic symptoms in mass shootings v. mass murders not involving firearms: findings from the Columbia mass murder database

  • Gary Brucato, Paul S. Appelbaum, Hannah Hesson, Eileen A. Shea, Gabriella Dishy, Kathryn Lee, Tyler Pia, Faizan Syed, Alexandra Villalobos, Melanie M. Wall, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Ragy R. Girgis
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 15 / November 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 February 2021, pp. 3422-3430
  • Background

    Mass shootings account for a small fraction of annual worldwide murders, yet disproportionately affect society and influence policy. Evidence suggesting a link between mass shootings and severe mental illness (i.e. involving psychosis) is often misrepresented, generating stigma. Thus, the actual prevalence constitutes a key public health concern.

    Methods

    We examined global personal-cause mass murders from 1900 to 2019, amassed by review of 14 785 murders publicly described in English in print or online, and collected information regarding perpetrator, demographics, legal history, drug use and alcohol misuse, and history of symptoms of psychiatric or neurologic illness using standardized methods. We distinguished whether firearms were or were not used, and, if so, the type (non-automatic v. semi- or fully-automatic).

    Results

    We identified 1315 mass murders, 65% of which involved firearms. Lifetime psychotic symptoms were noted among 11% of perpetrators, consistent with previous reports, including 18% of mass murderers who did not use firearms and 8% of those who did (χ2 = 28.0, p < 0.01). US-based mass shooters were more likely to have legal histories, use recreational drugs or misuse alcohol, or have histories of non-psychotic psychiatric or neurologic symptoms. US-based mass shooters with symptoms of any psychiatric or neurologic illness more frequently used semi-or fully-automatic firearms.

    Conclusions

    These results suggest that policies aimed at preventing mass shootings by focusing on serious mental illness, characterized by psychotic symptoms, may have limited impact. Policies such as those targeting firearm access, recreational drug use and alcohol misuse, legal history, and non-psychotic psychopathology might yield more substantial results.

  • SECOND LANGUAGE USERS EXHIBIT SHALLOW MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING

  • Yoonsang Song, Youngah Do, Arthur L. Thompson, Eileen R. Waegemaekers, Jongbong Lee
  • Journal:
    Studies in Second Language Acquisition / Volume 42 / Issue 5 / December 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 June 2020, pp. 1121-1136
    Print publication:
    December 2020

  • The present study tests the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH), which claims that compared to L1 processing, L2 language processing generally underuses grammatical information, prioritizing nongrammatical information. Specifically, this cross-modal priming study tests SSH at the level of morphology, investigating whether late advanced L2 learners construct hierarchically structured representations for trimorphemic derived words during real-time processing as native speakers do. Our results support SSH. In lexical decision on English trimorphemic words (e.g., unkindness or [[un-[kind]]-ness]), L1 recognition of the targets was facilitated by their bimorphemic morphological-structural constituent primes (e.g., unkind), but not by their bimorphemic nonconstituent primes (e.g., kindness), which were only semantically and formally related to the target. In contrast, L2 recognition was equally facilitated by both constituent and nonconstituent primes. These results suggest that unlike L1 processing, L2 processing of multimorphemic words is not mainly guided by detailed morphological structure, overrelying on nonstructural information.

E-Commerce, Competition and ASEAN Economic Integration
  • Edited by Cassey Lee, Eileen Lee
  • Published by:
    ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
    Published online:
    31 January 2020
    Print publication:
    10 October 2019
  • The e-commerce market has grown rapidly within the ASEAN region in recent years. This trend is expected to continue in the future given the region's large population base, rising middle-class and improvements in connectivity. This edited volume examines the current state of e-commerce in ASEAN countries. It highlights some of the key domestic and cross-border challenges faced by ASEAN member states in developing e-commerce. These challenges include the regulatory and legal environment in which e-commerce firms operate across ASEAN, and the supporting infrastructure in ASEAN member states. "A comprehensive snapshot of the latest emerging regulatory, policy and consumer issues. It's essential reading for anyone working in this field. E-commerce is fundamentally altering the way in which businesses are being conducted, both within and between ASEAN countries. More than just an alternate distribution channel, online trading offers new opportunities and challenges for consumers, businesses, regulators and policymakers. How do markets operate in the new paradigm? How should regulators and governments ensure that dynamic competitive economies evolve, instead of descending into anti-competitive structures? And how are markets evolving in different parts of Southeast Asia? All of these issues — and much more — are discussed in here. The editors are to be congratulated for assembling a range of insightful perspectives from across ASEAN. These are issues that will affect the region for many years to come. The lessons here are timely and timeless." —Michael Schaper Ph.D., Deputy Chairman, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2008—18

  • 3 - E-commerce and Competition Law: How Does Competition Assessment Change with E-commerce?

  • from PART II
    • By Eileen Lee, Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore (CCCS), 2016–18, Lip Hang Poh, Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore (CCCS), 2016–17
  • Edited by Cassey Lee, Eileen Lee
  • Book:
    E-Commerce, Competition and ASEAN Economic Integration
    Published by:
    ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
    Published online:
    31 January 2020
    Print publication:
    10 October 2019, pp 33-50

  • Summary

    Introduction

    E-commerce has garnered considerable attention from competition authorities, given that there are a growing number of competition cases related to digital commerce in recent years. For instance, the US Department of Justice prosecuted David Topkins, an art seller on Amazon Marketplace, for price fixing. Topkins conspired with other sellers to fix the prices of posters using customized algorithms between September 2013 and January 2014 (United States Department of Justice 2015). Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clauses have also been the subject of investigations by the European Union DG Competition (EU DG COMP) and national competition authorities in EU member states.

    Given that competition authorities are in the business of regulating business behaviour, how does e-commerce activities impact competition assessment? In this chapter, we consider the impact of e-commerce on two fundamental steps of competition assessment:

  • a. Market definition; and

  • b. Market power.

    • Market definition is typically the first step of competition assessment as it provides a framework for analysis through identifying the competitive constraints acting on a seller of a product or service. It can be thought of as a “quick and dirty” tool to determine if a seller is likely to have market power.

    Competition law essentially “regulate” business behaviour that hampers market competition. It is primarily concerned about whether the exercise of market power by business entities leads to any adverse impact on competition. In an abuse of dominance case, it is clear that the abuse of market power by a dominant undertaking perpetuates its market position in ways unrelated to competitive merits. Competitors acting in concert e.g. in price-fixing or production control cartels create and abuse market power. Merger control, on the other hand, is concerned from the ex-ante perspective, i.e., whether the merged entity has the market power to increase prices unilaterally, leading to non-coordinated effects in a horizontal merger situation, or foreclosure of competitors in the supply chain in a vertical merger situation.

    Drawing from the findings on consumer and business behaviour from the EU DG COMP's preliminary e-commerce sector study report and the Competition Commission of Singapore's (CCS) commissioned report on E-commerce and its Impact on Competition Policy and Law in Singapore, we study how these findings impact these two fundamental steps of competition assessment.

  • 1 - Introduction

    • By Cassey Lee, Senior Fellow, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore, Eileen Lee, Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore (CCCS), 2016–18
  • Edited by Cassey Lee, Eileen Lee
  • Book:
    E-Commerce, Competition and ASEAN Economic Integration
    Published by:
    ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
    Published online:
    31 January 2020
    Print publication:
    10 October 2019, pp 1-4

  • Summary

    E-commerce markets have grown significantly within ASEAN in recent years. According to a report by AT Kearney in 2015, retail e-commerce has a total market size of US$7 billion in the six largest economies within ASEAN (AT Kearney and CIMB ASEAN Research Institute 2015). Currently, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines all generate less than 4 per cent of their retail sales online (UNCTAD 2015). This is low in comparison with other e-commerce markets such as the Republic of Korea (16 per cent) and China (7 per cent), which suggests that there is room for further growth in e-commerce (CCCS 2017). In a more recent report, Google and Temasek (2018) estimated that the Southeast Asian internet economy reached $72 billion in gross merchandise value in 2018. Growth potential in e-commerce and internet-based operations in ASEAN is tremendous, given that the number of internet users in the six largest economies in ASEAN has risen from 244 million in 2015 to 283 million in 2017. The number of internet users in the region is projected to continue to grow at an annual rate of 17.7 per cent until 2020 (CCCS 2017).

    The rapid growth of e-commerce markets in the region has brought about significant benefits to both consumers and businesses. From the perspective of consumers, they benefit from an increased access to a greater variety of goods and services via e-commerce platforms. From the perspective of businesses, they benefit from access to new markets, reduced barriers to entry, and operational cost savings (CCCS 2017).

    Despite the growth and benefits of e-commerce, there are challenges that could hinder the growth of e-commerce in ASEAN. In order to realize the full potential of the e-commerce market in ASEAN, improvements are required in terms of technological infrastructure, and in the regulatory and legal environment in which e-commerce firms operate across ASEAN.

    In terms of the technological infrastructure development in ASEAN, many ASEAN member states still lag behind in global rankings in terms of the speed, efficiency and reliability of their internet services despite significant investment in their technology infrastructure (International Telecommunication Union 2016).