As part of the characterization of a Tunisian red soil profile, six samples, taken at different depths, were investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and at 80 K to obtain information about the various types of Fe oxides present. By considering magnetic hyperfine field distributions, the spectra of goethite and hematite were well resolved. Chemical analyses of the samples revealed a partial substitution of Fe by Al and Mn. The spectral behavior of the goethite was predominantly influenced by crystallinity and amount of Al substitution which resulted in a reduction of the magnetic hyperfine field. The effect of Mn substitution was much more pronounced in the hematite spectrum as a consequence of a stronger suppression of the Morin transition by Mn than by Al.

Several samples of large- and small-particle magnetite (Fe3O4), as well as its thermal decomposition products formed at different temperatures and atmospheres, have been studied extensively by Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS), both with and without an applied field of 6T. Synthetic mixtures of magnetite and poorly- or well-crystallized maghemite have also been studied. Large-particle magnetite (MCD > 200 nm), when heated in air for 12 hours at T < 400°C, transforms to a mixture of well-crystallized hematite and magnetite, the latter one remaining stoichiometric, according to the relative area-ratios obtained from MS. Thermal treatment at 1300°C in a controlled O2 partial pressure, produced a mixture of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric magnetite, but the latter component seems to be composed of particles with different degrees of nonstoichiometry. The Mössbauer spectra of the decomposition products at T < 200°C in air of small-particle magnetite (MCD ~ 80 nm) could be successfully interpreted as a mixture of magnetite and maghemite, rather than nonstoichiometric magnetite. This suggestion is further supported by the experiments with the synthetic mixtures. It is clearly demonstrated that is not possible, even by applying a strong external field, to separate the contribution of the A-site of magnetite from that of maghemite.

Synthetic, relatively well-crystallized aluminum-substituted maghemite samples, γ-(Aly·Fe1−y)2O3, with y = 0, 0.032, 0.058, 0.084, 0.106 and 0.151 have been studied by X-ray diffraction and zero-field Mössbauer spectroscopy in the range 8 K to 475 K, and also with an external field of 60 kOe at 4.2 K and 275 K. It was found that there are two different converging models for fitting the zero-field spectra of the maghemites with a superposition of two Lorentzian-shaped sextets, both resulting in inconsistent values for the hyperfine fields (Hhf) and/or the center shifts (δ) of the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) ferric ions. From the applied-field measurements it is concluded that there is a constant difference of 0.12 ± 0.01 mm/s between δB and δA, regardless of the Al content. For the Al-free sample the center shifts are found as: δA = 0.370 mm/s and δB = 0.491 mm/s at 4.2 K and δA = 0.233 mm/s and δB = 0.357 mm/s at 275 K (relative to metallic iron), with an estimated error of 0.005 mm/s. Both δA and δB are observed to decrease with increasing Al concentration. The effective hyperfine fields for the non-substituted maghemite sample are: Heff,A = 575 kOe and Heff,B = 471 kOe at 4.2 K and Heff,A = 562 kOe and Heff,B = 449 kOe at 275 K, with an error of 1 kOe. The B-site hyperfine field remains approximately constant with Al substitution, while for the A site a slight decrease with increasing Al content was observed.

Seven Al-containing lepidocrocite samples, γ-Fe1−xAlxOOH, prepared from FeCl2/Al(N03)3 solutions with initial Al/(Al + Fe) mole ratios Ci of 0.0025, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10 and 0.15 mol/mol, were examined by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature (RT) and at various temperatures in the range of 8 to 80 K. The spectra at RT and 80°K consist of broadened quadrupole doublets and were analyzed in terms of a single doublet and of a model-independent quadrupole-splitting distribution, the latter yielding the best fit. The observed variations of the quadrupole-splitting parameters with increasing Ci are inconclusive as to whether the Al cations are substituting into the structure. The temperature at which the onset of magnetic ordering is reflected in the spectra, was measured by the thermoscan method with zero source velocity. A gradual shift from 50 K for Ci = 0.0025 mol/mol to 44 K for Ci = 0.10 mol/mol was observed for that temperature. As compared to earlier studies of Al-free γ-FeOOH samples with similar morphological characteristics, the fractional doublet area in the mixed sextet-doublet spectra at 35 K is significantly higher for the present lepidocrocites. This observation is ascribed to the substitution of Al cations into the lepidocrocite structure. A similar conclusion is inferred from the variation with Ci of the maximum-probability hyperfine field derived from the spectra recorded at 8 K and fitted with a model-independent hyperfine-field distribution. The magnetic results suggest that for the sample corresponding to Ci = 0.15 mol/mol, not all of the initially present Al has been incorporated into the structure.

A dusky red Oxisol forming on a tholeiitic basalt is found to contain varying proportion of aluminous hematite (Hm) and titanoaluminous maghemite (Mh) in the different size fractions. Maghemite is the main iron oxide in the sand and silt fractions whereas Hm is dominant in the clay fraction, together with gibbsite (Gb), kaolinite (Ka), rutile (Rt) (and probably anatase, An) and Mh. Maghemite is also the major oxide mineral in the magnetic separates of soil fractions (sand, about 65% of the relative Mössbauer spectral area; silt, 60%). Hematite (sand, 30%; silt, 15%) and ilmenite (Im) (sand, 5%; silt, 16%) are also significantly present in the magnetic extract. Accessory minerals are Rt and An. No magnetite (Mt) was detected in any soil fraction. Sand- and silt-size Mh have similar nature (a 0= 0.8319 ± 0.0005 nm; about 8 mol% of Al substitution; saturation magnetization of 49 J T−1 kg−1), and certainly a common origin. Lattice parameters of clay-Mh are more difficult to deduce, as magnetic separation was ineffective in removing nonmagnetic phases. Al content in Hm varies from 14 mol% (clay and silt) to 20 mol% (sand). The proposed cation distribution on the spinel sites of the sand-size Mh is:

$[{\text{Fe}}_{0.92}{\text{Al}}_{0.08}]\hspace{0.17em}\left\{{\text{Fe}}_{1.43}{\text{Ti}}_{0.18}\hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{0.39}\right\}{\text{O}}_4$

(◻ = vacancy, [ ] = tetrahedral sites and { } = octahedral sites), with a corresponding molar mass of 208.8 g mol−1. The predicted magnetization based on this formula is σ ≅ 68 J T−1 kg−1, assuming collinear spin arrangement. The large discrepancy with the experimentally determined magnetization is discussed.

Synthetic aluminum-substituted maghemite samples, γ-(Fe1-xAlx)2O3, have been prepared by thermal decomposition of Al-lepidocrocite (γ-Fe1-xAlxOOH), with × = 0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.14 and 0.18. The particles are needle-shaped and the mean crystallite diameter along the [311] crystallographic direction was found to be between 2.0 and 5.0 nm. Mössbauer spectra were collected at 6 K and from 80 K up to 475 K at steps of 25 K. In a wide range of temperatures the spectra of the non-substituted sample consist of a superposition of a broad sextet and a superparamagnetic doublet, whereas for the Al-maghemites this range is much smaller. From the temperature variation of the fractional doublet area two different parameters were defined: the temperature corresponding to a 50/50 doublet-sextet spectrum (T1/2), and the temperature below which the doublet ceases to exist (T0). These two parameters (T1/2 and T0) decrease from 390 K and 92 K (Al-free sample), to 118 K and 64 K (4 mole % Al) and to 100 K and 48 K (18 mole % Al), respectively. The average hyperfine fields at 6 K undergo a steep drop in going from the Al-free sample (Hhf = 506 kOe) to the sample with 4 mole % Al (Hhf = 498 kOe), but for higher substitutions the effect is much smaller. The A- and B-site quadrupole splittings, obtained from the data between 220 K and 475 K, were found as: ΔEQ,A = 0.86 ± 0.04 mm/s and ΔEQ,B = 0.65 ± 0.04 mm/s for the 4 mole % Al sample. The characteristic Mössbauer temperature, determined from the temperature dependence of the average isomer shift, was found to be in the range of 500–600 K.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The overall goal of this project is to enhance the use of GCRA in Latina breast cancer survivors at high risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer to reduce disparities in GCRA uptake. The aims of the study are to (1) develop a cultural adaptation of an evidence-based TGC intervention that consists of phone genetic counseling and a booklet, (2) evaluate the impact of TGC Versus Usual Care, and (3) explore the communication patterns in TGC and genetic counseling sessions with an interpreter. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We are conducting a 2-phase, mixed methods study. In Phase I we will develop a cultural adaption of an evidence-based intervention (TGC) for high-risk Latina breast cancer survivors using the Learner Verification and Revision Framework (n=15). In Phase II we will use a cluster randomized design with four community sites randomized to Spanish TGC (n=2 sites) or usual care (n=2 sites) (n=60; 15 per site). The primary outcome is genetic counseling uptake. Among women who receive genetic counseling either through TGC (n~30) or with an interpreter (n~15), we will assess counseling quality by reviewing 20 randomly selected audiotaped sessions (10 TGC; 10 interpreters). We will evaluate women’s HBOC knowledge and satisfaction with counseling. Communication processes and outcomes will be assessed using gold standard RIAS quantitative coding system and qualitative discourse analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We elicited input from transdisciplinary team members to develop an initial adaptation of a TGC print booklet and intervention protocol for use with high-risk Latina breast cancer survivors with limited English proficiency. The booklet contains low-literacy information about HBOC, risk factors, pros and cons of testing, and management strategies. Based on these materials and prior work, we anticipate TGC will consist of one 1 hour or less TGC session by phone. Participants interested in pursuing testing will receive a saliva kit and will participate in a second TGC session (30 min) to discuss test results and management options. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Given access barriers and the shortage of Spanish-speaking genetic counselors, adapting and translating TGC intervention is a promising strategy that could reduce disparities by broadening the reach and accessibility to genetic counseling while enhancing the quality of the service for Latinas with limited English proficiency.

Sixteen glauconite samples from different locations in Belgium and Northern France were investigated by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature. The spectra were fitted with three Fe3+ and two Fe2+ doublets, both Fe species occupying M1(trans) and M2(cis) sites in the T-O-T layers. The third Fe3+ doublet was assigned to interlayer ferric complexes. The observed Mössbauer parameters did not show significant variations from sample to sample. No direct relation between K and Fe content was observed, although within some distinct groups (e.g. Bande Noire, Cenomanian) the amount of Fe2+ increased with increasing K content.

This paper presents various aspects, revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, of structural and magnetic properties of Al-substituted small-particle soil-related oxides. For goethite we focus on the relations between the hyperfine fields on the one hand, and crystallinity and Al content on the other. It is argued that these relations only provide a rough estimate of the Al content in natural samples. The ferrimagnetic-like behaviour reflected in the external-field Mössbauer spectra (4.2 K, 60 kOe) of certain Al goethites is presented. The spectra obtained for lepidocrocites are not spectacular, but confirmed that up to ∼10 at.% Al can be incorporated in the structure. Three differently-made series of hematites are considered. The Morin transition and spin structures in hematite are very sensitive to crystallinity and Al content, and probably to the presence of structural OH–. Integral low-energy electron Mössbauer spectroscopy on non-substituted samples indicates that the Morin-transition temperature in the surface layers (2 to 5 nm) is not significantly shifted from the bulk value. Measurements in extremely high magnetic fields (140 kOe) have shown that a spin-flip transition is induced in highly-substituted samples which exhibit no Morin transition in zero field. The use of external fields is crucial for the characterization and precise determination of the hyperfine parameters and site occupancies for maghemites, and for phase analyses of magnetic soils.

Weathered soil material derived from tectonically emplaced serpentinized ultrabasic intrusive rocks of southern Cameroon has received considerable attention from mining companies due to its extractable-metal (i.e. Ni, Co) potential. As these cations can be incorporated into Fe oxides, it was deemed appropriate to study the mineralogical assemblage of a highly weathered serpentinite soil profile from the area. This study focuses on the different Fe-oxide phases, which were investigated using 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, showing goethite and hematite as the dominant Fe oxides throughout the weathering profile. These minerals, in association with gibbsite and kaolinite, indicate an advanced degree of weathering. The clay fraction of the ‘Lower Limonite’ layer, above the saprolite and at a depth of 7 m, is very rich in goethite, whereas hematite and magnetite are almost absent. Above this layer, the hematite content in the fine-earth and clay fractions increases upwards, while the goethite content remains constant. The significant substitution and change in the particle size of the goethite and the poor crystallinity of hematite, as indicated by the hyperfine parameters and XRD, suggest that the upper material evolved under different pedological conditions compared to the deeper layers. The mixed composition of the upper layers (above 7 m), which contain muscovite and a relatively chaotic distribution of trace elements, suggests ancient mica-schist capping and possibly different cycles of erosion and pedimentation.

Vochtenite, a new mineral from the Basset Mine, southeast of Camborne in Cornwall, England, is a ferrous-ferric magnesium-bearing hydroxy uranyl phosphate mineral. It is monoclinic with a = 12.606, b = 19.990, c = 9.990 Å, β = 102.31° Z = 3; the ideal formula is:

The strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are: 9.998(100)(020), 4.999(30)(040), 4.892(45)(002), 3.475(70)(311), 3.333(50)(060), 3.087(40)(232), and . Vochtenite is brown in colour with a bronzy lustre and is non-fluorescent. Mohs hardness is 2.5 and the density (calc.) = 3.663 g/cm3. There is a prominent (010) cleavage. Vochtenite is optical biaxial negative, 2V (calc.) = 89(3)° its dispersion is indiscernible. Refractive indices are α = 1.575(2), β = 1.589(2), γ = 1.603(2), and the pleochroism is very weak. Orientation X(α)∥b is perpendicular to (010) and Z(γ)∧c is small. The mineral occurs as subparallel (0.5–1.0 mm) crystal aggregates with a pseudo-quadratic outline. The mineral is named vochtenite after Prof. Dr. Ing. R. F. C. Vochten of the State University of Antwerpen, Belgium.

We detail the rich molecular story of NGC 1266, its serendipitous discovery within the ATLAS3D survey (Cappellari et al. 2011) and how it plays host to an AGN-driven molecular outflow, potentially quenching all of its star formation (SF) within the next 100 Myr. While major mergers appear to play a role in instigating outflows in other systems, deep imaging of NGC 1266 as well as stellar kinematic observations from SAURON, have failed to provide evidence that NGC 1266 has recently been involved in a major interaction. The molecular gas and the instantaneous SF tracers indicate that the current sites of star formation are located in a hypercompact disk within 200 pc of the nucleus (Fig. 1; SF rate ≈ 2 M⊙ yr−1). On the other hand, tracers of recent star formation, such as the Hβ absorption map from SAURON and stellar population analysis show that the young stars are distributed throughout a larger area of the galaxy than current star formation. As the AGN at the center of NGC 1266 continues to drive cold gas out of the galaxy, we expect star formation rates to decline as the star formation is ultimately quenched. Thus, NGC 1266 is in the midst of a key portion of its evolution and continued studies of this unique galaxy may help improve our understanding of how galaxies transition from the blue to the red sequence (Alatalo et al. 2011).

NGC 1266 is a nearby field galaxy observed as part of the ATLAS3D survey (Cappellari et al. 2011). NGC 1266 has been shown to host a compact (< 200 pc) molecular disk and a mass-loaded molecular outflow driven by the AGN (Alatalo et al. 2011). Very Long Basline Array (VLBA) observations at 1.65 GHz revealed a compact (diameter < 1.2 pc), high brightness temperature continuum source most consistent with a low-level AGN origin. The VLBA continuum source is positioned at the center of the molecular disk and may be responsible for the expulsion of molecular gas in NGC 1266. Thus, the candidate AGN-driven molecular outflow in NGC 1266 supports the picture in which AGNs do play a significant role in the quenching of star formation and ultimately the evolution of the red sequence of galaxies.

This work reports for the first time the synthesis of γ-(Al1-xFex)2O3 solid solutions with a high specific surface area (200-230 m2/g) by the decomposition of metal oxinate [(Al1-xFex)(C9H6ON)3] and investigated the potential of these materials as catalysts for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by catalytic chemical vapor deposition using methane or ethylene as carbon the source. The nanocomposite powders prepared by reduction in H2-CH4 contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are mostly double-walled but also contain a fair amount of undesirable carbon nanofibers, hollow carbon particles, and metal particles covered by carbon layers. Moreover, abundant metallic particles are observed to cover the surfaces of the matrix grains. By contrast, the nanocomposite powders prepared by reduction in N2-C2H4 are not fully reduced, and the CNTs are much more abundant and homogeneous. However, they are multiwalled CNTs with a significant proportion of defects. The powders were studied by several techniques including Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy.

This paper is one of the four interrelated action agenda papers resulting from the National Summit on Public Health Legal Preparedness (Summit) convened in June 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and multi-disciplinary partners. Each of the action agenda papers deals with one of the four core elements of public health legal preparedness: laws and legal authorities; competency in using those laws; coordination of law-based public health actions; and information. Options presented in this paper are for consideration by policy makers and practitioners — in all jurisdictions and all relevant sectors and disciplines — with responsibilities for all-hazards emergency preparedness.

Advancing and protecting the public's health depends upon the coordination of actions by many, diverse partners. For effective public health preparedness, there must be effective coordination of legal tools and law-based strategies across local, state, tribal, and federal jurisdictions, and also across sectors such as public health, health care, emergency management, education, law enforcement, community design, and academia.