The prevalence of allergies in children has grown in last few decades. Allergies are very often associated with physical, mental, and emotional problems that could be detected through child’s behaviour and feelings.

to describe and compare children’s behaviour (internalizing and externalizing) across a sample of children aged 6–11 years with and without allergic diseases.

This was a cross-sectional observational case-control study. A survey to 366 families (194 allergic cases and 172 controls), including a child behaviour checklist (CBCL) and a socio-demographic questionnaire with questions related to family, school education, health conditions and allergy symptoms, was administered.

Children with a diagnosis of allergy showed higher scores in the overall CBCL score (standardised mean differences [SMD]= 0.47; confidence intervals [CI]: 0.26–0.68) and in the internalizing and externalizing factors (SMD=0.52 and SMD=0.36, respectively) than non-allergic children. Odds ratio (OR) analyses showed a higher risk (OR=2.76; 95% CI [1.61 to 4.72]) of developing a behavioural difficulty in children diagnosed with allergies. Age and level of asthma appear as modulatory variables.

Children aged 6–11 years diagnosed with allergies showed larger behavioural problems than non-allergic children. This relationship is stronger in internalizing behaviours. These findings suggest the importance of attending to them and treating them in the early stages of diagnosis to avoid future psychological disorders.

No significant relationships.

Alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (α-PHP) is a synthetic cathinone with uneven distribution throughout the world. Its use is not uniformly regulated and its distribution is legal in some European countries. Easily accessible and available through different websites. Synthetic cathinones inhibit monoamine transporters which include dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, resulting in increased neurotransmitter synaptic concentration. Ways of administration show wide range regarding latency period. Onset and appearance of symptoms as well as their duration and intensity may fluctuate. A decreasing order of latency (oral, inhaled, sublingual and intravenous) has been reported. α-PHP can result in the appearance of psychiatric symptoms, include among others, intoxication with sensory perception disturbances and α-PHP -induced psychotic episodes.

The aim of our study was to assess the epidemiology, clinical and legal features regarding Alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (α-PHP).

Review the current bibliography to upgrade the existing knowledge. -Present assorted cases with diverse clinical features. All cases include variability through psychopathological interview, symptoms assessment and treatment response according to rating scales (PANSS, YMRS). -Evaluate different treatment administration ways during acute phase and after hospital discharge.

Differences were observed after hospitalization in the response using diverse rating scales. We used antipsychotics to treat intoxication with sensory perception disturbances and α-PHP -induced psychotic episodes. α-PHP had a negative impact on the quality of life of the patients.

α-PHP is a synthetic cathinone with potential risk to mental health and life of users. It is mandatory to implement common legislation all through the European Union to prevent its use and possible implications on population’s mental health.

No significant relationships.

High prolactin blood levels is an adverse effect of neuroleptic treatment. Typical antipsychotics seem to produce it more frequently than atypical ones.

To know hyperprolactinemia prevalence in our patients related with the type of antipsychotic drug used.

171 individuals, 31 male patients and 140 female ones, with a mean age of 61,67 years old and a mean hospital stay of 18,20 years.

The sample was divided in three groups:

• – Typical antipsychotics group: 37 patients.

• – Atypical antipsychotics group: 92 patients.

• – Typical and atypical antipsychotics group: 42 patients.

Prolactin serum levels were determined (normal values: 1.5-25 ng/ml for fertile age women, 0.7-20 ng/ml for post-menopause women and 0-20 ng/ml for men).

Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia for every group, for single antipsychotic drugs, for age groups, for gender and for diagnosis were obtained.

Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was 66.1% for the global sample. Results for the different groups were the following:

• – Typical antipsychotics group: 73.0%

• – Atypical antipsychotics group: 60.9%

• – Typical and atypical antipsychotics group: 71.4%

Statistical analysis according to concrete antipsychotic drug showed the following hyperprolactinemia percentages:

• – Risperidone: 90.0%

• – Haloperidol: 69.2%

• – Olanzapine: 44.4%

• – Quetiapine: 33%

• – Aripiprazol: 14.3%

• – Clozapine: 11.1%

Our study finds lower hyperprolactinemia blood levels in patients on atypical antipsychotic treatment than on typical antipsychotic one. Haloperidol and risperidone got the worst results in this matter while clozapine and aripiprazol showed the best ones.

There are some indications in the literature that the use of dopamine antagonists can modify the risk of developing different types of neoplasms.

We have reviewed last studies which have reported the possible relationship between cancer and neuroleptic treatment.

Antipsychotics which increase the level of prolactin, could possible increase the risk of developing breast and endometrial cancer in patients with schizophrenia. Other studies, shows a marked apoptotic effect of phenothiazines in brain-derived cancer cells.

The objetive of this study is to examine the efficacy of group psychoeducational therapy for inpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia.

Fourteen in-patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group. Both groups received standard medication as prescribed by their treating physicians, but the treatment group also recibed a two-months course of psychoeducational psychotherapy. Outcome was evaluated using Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale.

Patients who attended psychoeducational group showed a improvement in CGI-SCH score.

The results suggest that psychoeducational psychotherapy can improve the treatment of schizophrenia.

Psychoeducational psychotherapy has no side-effects and is relatively inexpensive.

It is hypothesized that in the etiology of schizophrenia genetic and environmental factors are involved. Between the environmental events linked to the causation of this condition an inmune dysfunction has been described. First degree biological relatives of people with schizophrenia also have an incrased incidence of autoimmune diseases.

The aim of this work was to examine the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, sIL-2R IL-6, IL-12p70, TNF-α and IFN-γ) as well as of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in male patients with schizophrenia and in their first degree-biological relatives.

Blood samples were obtained from patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in a stable psychophatological condition (n = 36), first degree biological relatives of those patients and a healthy control group (n = 26). Serum interleukins were analyzed using a commercial ELISA preparation (Bender MedSystems). We used non-parametric test for statistical analysis.

Patients with schizophrenia showed significantly higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL12-p70) and lower serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 than in the healthy control group. The unaffected first-degree relatives showed changes in proinflammatory cytokines (sIL-2R, IL-6 and TNF-α,) in the same way as the corresponding schizophrenia patients, but at a lower level than the healthy control group.

Ours findings suggest that sIL-2R, IL-6 and TNF-a may be biologic vulnerability markers for psychiatric disorders and also these alterations might have an hereditably pattern.

Psychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders, have a profound effect on the use of and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

HIV infection and mood disorders have features in common, and each is a significant risk factor for the other.

The objective is to highlight the clinicians on the importance of screening and treating affective disorders among patients with HIV infection.

Two cases of HIV infected patients with comorbid mood disorder and torpid evolutions by poor adherence to treatment are reported.

A brief literature review on this subject is done.

Major depression has been shown to alter the function of killer lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients and may be associated with the progression of HIV disease.

HIV-positive patients with mental disorders are less likely to receive and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

First case-report: a man 52 years old, HIV-positive since 1985 with a comorbid bipolar disorder, with recurrent depressions and poor adherence to both treatment with a rapidly exitus laetalis.

Second case-report: man 45 years old, HIV-positive since 1992 with a comorbid depressive disorder, non-adhered to both therapy and HIV-associated dementia.

Depressive disorders are common in HIV infection. Antiretroviral regimens for HIV-infected patients require strict adherence. Untreated depression has been associated with medication nonadherence. Understanding the contribution of depression and its subsequent treatment on antiretroviral therapy adherence might direct clinicians toward earlier identification and more aggressive treatment among this population.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Aims were to assess the efficacy of metacognitive training (MCT) in people with a recent onset of psychosis in terms of symptoms as a primary outcome and metacognitive variables as a secondary outcome.

A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed. A total of 126 patients were randomized to an MCT or a psycho-educational intervention with cognitive-behavioral elements. The sample was composed of people with a recent onset of psychosis, recruited from nine public centers in Spain. The treatment consisted of eight weekly sessions for both groups. Patients were assessed at three time-points: baseline, post-treatment, and at 6 months follow-up. The evaluator was blinded to the condition of the patient. Symptoms were assessed with the PANSS and metacognition was assessed with a battery of questionnaires of cognitive biases and social cognition.

Both MCT and psycho-educational groups had improved symptoms post-treatment and at follow-up, with greater improvements in the MCT group. The MCT group was superior to the psycho-educational group on the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) total (p = 0.026) and self-certainty (p = 0.035) and dependence self-subscale of irrational beliefs, comparing baseline and post-treatment. Moreover, comparing baseline and follow-up, the MCT group was better than the psycho-educational group in self-reflectiveness on the BCIS (p = 0.047), total BCIS (p = 0.045), and intolerance to frustration (p = 0.014). Jumping to Conclusions (JTC) improved more in the MCT group than the psycho-educational group (p = 0.021). Regarding the comparison within each group, Theory of Mind (ToM), Personalizing Bias, and other subscales of irrational beliefs improved in the MCT group but not the psycho-educational group (p < 0.001–0.032).

MCT could be an effective psychological intervention for people with recent onset of psychosis in order to improve cognitive insight, JTC, and tolerance to frustration. It seems that MCT could be useful to improve symptoms, ToM, and personalizing bias.