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  • 15 - African American Women and Mental Well-Being: The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status

  • from Part II - The Social Context of Mental Health and Illness: Introduction to Part II
    • By Verna M. Keith, Professor, Department of Sociology, Texas A & M University, Diane R. Brown, Professor, Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Eric R. Wright, Georgia State University
  • Book: A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
  • Published online: 28 May 2018
  • Print publication: 08 June 2017, pp 304-321

  • Summary

    Keith and Brown present a conceptual model for understanding the way in which the interrelationships among race, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) influence mental well-being for African American women. Mental well-being is affected by social, cultural, and psychological factors as well as by physical health and health behavior; in turn these factors are influenced by one's social status (i.e., race, gender, SES). African American women are subject to racism, sexism, and for some, heterosexism, which diminish their educational attainment, personal and household incomes, occupational status, wealth accumulation, and opportunities for socioeconomic advancement. Consequently, African American women have fewer resources than their white counterparts and are far more limited in their capacity to cope with crises and adversities. Stressors such as poverty and economic hardship also challenge the adaptive abilities of many African American women. They are less likely to be married and, if married, more likely to be employed and responsible for more household chores than white married women. Parenthood often is another source of stress as many African American women are single parents. The particular set of roles that African American women must fulfill may also expose them to more stressful life circumstances. Combining employment and parenthood roles increases the likelihood that they will experience role overload and role conflict, especially when coping resources are limited. A key argument made by Keith and Brown is that there is a strong connection between mental and physical health. African American women have poorer physical health with higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, HIV infection, and lupus, which lead to higher mortality rates than white women. Additionally, African American women are less likely to use health care, which may be due to a lack of access, among other factors. However, the extended social networks of African American women may provide important sources of social support. What other types of social support would help African American women cope with the many sources of stress in their lives and would immigrant and LGBT women need additional supportive resources?

    Introduction

    African American women, including immigrants, are disproportionately challenged by a host of social conditions that are linked to higher risk for poor mental health, including low incomes, high levels of poverty and unemployment, single motherhood, poor physical health, and residence in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods where these problems are compounded (Murry et al., 2008; Schulz et al., 2000).

  • The Potential Regional Impact of Contact Precaution Use in Nursing Homes to Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  • Bruce Y. Lee, Ashima Singh, Sarah M. Bartsch, Kim F. Wong, Diane S. Kim, Taliser R. Avery, Shawn T. Brown, Courtney R. Murphy, S. Levent Yilmaz, Susan S. Huang
  • Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 34 / Issue 2 / February 2013
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2015, pp. 151-160
  • Print publication: February 2013
  • Objective.

    Implementation of contact precautions in nursing homes to prevent methicillm-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission could cost time and effort and may have wide-ranging effects throughout multiple health facilities. Computational modeling could forecast the potential effects and guide policy making.

    Design.

    Our multihospital computational agent-based model, Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst (RHEA).

    Setting.

    All hospitals and nursing homes in Orange County, California.

    Methods.

    Our simulation model compared the following 3 contact precaution strategies: (1) no contact precautions applied to any nursing home residents, (2) contact precautions applied to those with clinically apparent MRSA infections, and (3) contact precautions applied to all known MRSA carriers as determined by MRSA screening performed by hospitals.

    Results.

    Our model demonstrated that contact precautions for patients with clinically apparent MRSA infections in nursing homes resulted in a median 0.4% (range, 0%–1.6%) relative decrease in MRSA prevalence in nursing homes (with 50% adherence) but had no effect on hospital MRSA prevalence, even 5 years after initiation. Implementation of contact precautions (with 50% adherence) in nursing homes for all known MRSA carriers was associated with a median 14.2% (range, 2.1%–21.8%) relative decrease in MRSA prevalence in nursing homes and a 2.3% decrease (range, 0%–7.1%) in hospitals 1 year after implementation. Benefits accrued over time and increased with increasing compliance.

    Conclusions.

    Our modeling study demonstrated the substantial benefits of extending contact precautions in nursing homes from just those residents with clinically apparent infection to all MRSA carriers, which suggests the benefits of hospitals and nursing homes sharing and coordinating information on MRSA surveillance and carriage status.

  • Appendix - The Children of Anne de Bretagne

  • Edited by Cynthia J. Brown, Professor of French, Department of French and Italian, University of California, Santa Barbara
  • Book: The Cultural and Political Legacy of Anne de Bretagne
  • Published by: Boydell & Brewer
  • Published online: 28 April 2017
  • Print publication: 20 May 2010, pp 193-194

  • Summary

    Elizabeth A. R. Brown provides below a list of Anne's children, based on Patrick Van Kerrebrouck, Les Valois (pp. 157–9, 166–7).

    With Charles VIII (30 June 1470–7 April 1498)

    1. Charles-Orland, dauphin of Viennois (10 Oct. 1492–16 Dec. 1495), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.

    2. Unnamed (Aug. 1493), buried at Notre-Dame of Cléry.

    3. Unnamed (March 1495).

    4. Charles, dauphin of Viennois (8 Sept. 1496–2 Oct. 1496), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.

    5. François, dauphin of Viennois (1497), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.

    6. Anne (20 March 1498), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.

    With Louis XII (27 June 1462–1 Jan. 1515)

    1. Claude, duchess of Brittany, countess of Blois (13 Oct. 1499–20 July 1524), married 18 May 1514 to François, duke of Valois and Milan, count of Angoulême, the future François Ier (12 Sept. 1494–31 March 1547), crowned queen of France 10 May 1517, buried at Saint-Denis.

    2. Unnamed (21 Jan. 1503), perhaps buried at Blois.

    3. Renée, duchess of Chartres, countess of Gisors (25 Oct. 1510–12 June 1575), married 10 Feb. 1528 to Hercule of Este, duke of Ferrara (4 April 1508–3 Oct. 1560); buried at Montargis.

    4. Unnamed (Jan. 1512), perhaps buried at Blois.

The Cultural and Political Legacy of Anne de Bretagne
  • Negotiating Convention in Books and Documents
  • Edited by Cynthia J. Brown
  • Published by: Boydell & Brewer
  • Published online: 28 April 2017
  • Print publication: 20 May 2010
  • As duchess of Brittany [1491-1514] and twice queen of France [1491-98; 1498-1514], Anne de Bretagne set a benchmark by which to measure the status of female authority in Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance. Although at times a traditional political pawn, when men who ruled her life were involved in reshaping European alliances, Anne was directly or indirectly involved with the principal political and religious European leaders of her time and helped define the cultural landscape of her era.
    Taking a variety of cross-disciplinary perspectives, these ten essays by art historians, literary specialists, historians, and political scientists contribute to the ongoing discussion of Anne de Bretagne and seek to prompt further investigations into her cultural and political impact. At the same time, they offer insight of a broader nature into related areas of intellectual interest - patronage, the history of the book, the power and definition of queenship and the interpretation of politico-cultural documents and court spectacles - thereby confirming the extensive nature of Anne's legacy.

    CYNTHIA J. BROWN is Professor of French at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

  • 15 - African American Women and Mental Well-Being: The Triangulation of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status

  • from Part II - The Social Context of Mental Health and Illness
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book: A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
  • Published online: 05 June 2012
  • Print publication: 16 November 2009, pp 291-305
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  • Summary

    This chapter distinguishes stressors, stress, and distress in the interest of bringing the use of these terms more into line with the way they are used in the stress literature and to reduce the problems of inconsistent usage prevalent in the discussion of stress in everyday life. It discusses two original stress models- biological and engineering. The chapter distinguishes varieties of stress, from life events to chronic to traumas to nonevents to daily hassles, at the individual level. It demonstrates that these distinctions are empirically supported by findings that different sources of stress have distinct impacts on mental health outcomes. The chapter discusses the issue of misconceptions about stress to argue that stress, although a general concept is a concept with theoretical and operational borders. It reviews trends in stress research, which reveal an upward trajectory in the study of all of the kinds of stress.

  • The Deep Space 1 Encounter With Comet 19P/Borrelly

  • Diane H. Wooden, L. A. Soderblom, D. T. Britt, R. H. Brown, B. R. Sandel, R. V. Yelle, B. J. Buratti, M. D. Hicks, R. M. Nelson, M. D. Rayman, J. Oberst, N. Thomas
  • Journal: / Volume 186 /
  • pp. 301-324

  • NASA's Deep Space 1 (DSl) spacecraft successfully encountered comet 19P/Borrelly near perihelion and the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer (MICAS) imaging system onboard DS1 returned the first high-resolution images of a Jupiter-family comet nucleus and surrounding environment. The images span solar phase angles from 88° to 52°, providing stereoscopic coverage of the dust coma and nucleus. Numerous surface features are revealed on the 8-km long nucleus in the highest resolution images (47-58 m/pixel). A smooth, broad basin containing brighter regions and mesa-like structures is present in the central part of the nucleus that seems to be the source of jet-like dust features seen in the coma. High ridges seen along the jagged terminator lead to rugged terrain on both ends of the nucleus containing dark patches and smaller series of parallel grooves. No evidence of impact craters with diameters larger than about 200-m are present, indicating a young and active surface. The nucleus is very dark with albedo variations from 0.007 to 0.035. Short-wavelength, infrared spectra from 1.3 to 2.6 μm revealed a hot, dry surface consistent with less than about 10% actively sublimating. Two types of dust features are seen: broad fans and highly collimated “jets” in the sunward hemisphere that can be traced to the surface. The source region of the main jet feature, which resolved into at least three smaller “jets” near the surface, is consistent with an area around the rotation pole that is constantly illuminated by the sun during the encounter. Within a few nuclear radii, entrained dust is rapidly accelerated and fragmented and geometrical effects caused from extended source regions are present, as evidenced in radial intensity profiles centered on the jet features that show an increase in source strength with increasing cometocentric distance. Asymmetries in the dust from dayside to nightside are pronounced and may show evidence of lateral flow transporting dust to structures observed in the nightside coma. A summary of the initial results of the Deep Space 1 Mission is provided, highlighting the new knowledge that has been gained thus far.

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