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74 results

Page 1 of 4

  • 5 - Guatemala

  • from Part II - Economic and Territorial Power
  • Edited by Miguel A. Centeno, Princeton University, New Jersey, Agustin E. Ferraro, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
  • Book: State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain
  • Published online: 03 August 2023
  • Print publication: 17 August 2023, pp 175-210

  • Summary

    Homicidal ecologies are prevalent in the northern triangle of Central America, Guatemala included. This chapter contends that even with the temporal convergence of neoliberal reforms, democratization, and civil war accords, it is the persistence of historical structural factors that explain the persistence of corrupt and complicit law and order institutions that both allowed illicit organizations to thrive and failed to guarantee citizens’ basic liberal right to be free from harm. Indeed, the failure to radically change the police, the military, and the courts at the time of the peace accords has left citizens without safeguards, leading many to flee north.

  • 1 - Inequality, Democracy, and the Inclusionary Turn in Latin America

  • Edited by Diana Kapiszewski, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Steven Levitsky, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Deborah J. Yashar, Princeton University, New Jersey
  • Book: The Inclusionary Turn in Latin American Democracies
  • Published online: 12 January 2021
  • Print publication: 04 February 2021, pp 1-56

  • Summary

    This chapter examines the movement toward greater inclusion across Latin America over the last three decades. It introduces three dimensions of inclusion: official recognition of historically excluded groups; access to policymaking; and resource redistribution. It shows how the rate of adoption of reforms on all three dimensions has increased across the region since the 1990s. The chapter then seeks to explain the inclusionary turn. It argues that the combination of long-standing social inequalities and the endurance of democratic institutions created both incentives and unprecedented opportunities to adopt inclusionary reforms. The chapter examines factors – such as left government, social mobilization, electoral competition, and natural resource wealth – that explain variation within the inclusionary turn. We then explore some of the important trade-offs and limitations inherent in inclusionary reform, including tensions between inclusionary policy initiatives and liberal democratic institutions, the various limitations imposed by state weakness, and the trade-offs associated with using the state to promote participation. We conclude by examining the sustainability of inclusionary reform in Latin America, focusing on the centrality of the state in ensuring that inclusionary reforms that are written into parchment are actually implemented, enforced, and sustained in practice.

The Inclusionary Turn in Latin American Democracies
  • Edited by Diana Kapiszewski, Steven Levitsky, Deborah J. Yashar
  • Published online: 12 January 2021
  • Print publication: 04 February 2021
  • Latin American states took dramatic steps toward greater inclusion during the late twentieth and early twenty-first Centuries. Bringing together an accomplished group of scholars, this volume examines this shift by introducing three dimensions of inclusion: official recognition of historically excluded groups, access to policymaking, and resource redistribution. Tracing the movement along these dimensions since the 1990s, the editors argue that the endurance of democratic politics, combined with longstanding social inequalities, create the impetus for inclusionary reforms. Diverse chapters explore how factors such as the role of partisanship and electoral clientelism, constitutional design, state capacity, social protest, populism, commodity rents, international diffusion, and historical legacies encouraged or inhibited inclusionary reform during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Featuring original empirical evidence and a strong theoretical framework, the book considers cross-national variation, delves into the surprising paradoxes of inclusion, and identifies the obstacles hindering further fundamental change.

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