The aim of the study was to investigate the potential association between gambling disorder and symptoms of sleep problems including insomnia and hypersomnolence. Gambling disorder is a behavioural addiction featuring persistent, recurrent gambling resulting in distress and impairment of function. Lifetime prevalence of gambling disorder is estimated at 0.6–0.9%, though high quality data in the UK are lacking. Psychiatric comorbidity is common; as are physical health problems such as hypertension. The association between sleep problems and other addictions such as alcohol misuse disorder, smoking and substance misuse has been established; however, research into gambling disorder and sleep problems is limited. It was hypothesised that, compared to controls, individuals with gambling disorder would have significantly greater disturbance of sleep, as indicated by increased scores in: 1) specific sleep items on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), 2) total score on the HAMA and HAMD and 3) the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

A secondary analysis of a subset of previously published data by Grant and Chamberlain (2018) on gambling and impulsivity. A total of 152 non-treatment seeking adults, aged 18–29 years, who had gambled at least five times in the past year were recruited. Individuals were stratified into three groups: controls, those at risk of gambling disorder, and those with gambling disorder, as per DSM-5 criteria. One-way ANOVAs with post-hoc tests were conducted. These were used to show whether the three groups differed significantly in their scores in the sleep items and total scores of the HAMA and HAMD, and the ESS.

The HAMD scale demonstrated a significant increase in all patterns of insomnia for members of the disorder group, when compared to controls. The increase was particularly marked for middle and late insomnia. The HAMA item score demonstrated significantly worse sleep quality in the disorder group, compared to at risk and control groups. Total scores on the HAMA and HAMD scales were also significantly higher in the disorder group, reaching the thresholds for clinical significance for anxiety and depression. ESS scores were not significantly different between groups.

Global disruptions in sleep, as well late- and middle-insomnia, were found to be significantly higher in gambling disorder than controls. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were also significantly higher in the gambling disorder group. Further research could have implications for the identification and treatment of sleep disorders and psychiatric comorbidities in gambling disorder.

Administration of antidepressant drugs – principally selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – may induce clinically significant ‘apathy’ which can affect treatment outcomes adversely. We aimed to review all relevant previous reports.

We performed a PUBMED search of English-language studies, combining terms concerning psychopathology (e.g. apathy) and classes of antidepressants (e.g. SSRI).

According to certain inclusion (e.g. use of DSM/ICD diagnostic criteria) and exclusion (e.g. presence of a clinical condition that may induce apathy) criteria, 50 articles were eligible for review. Together, they suggest that administration of antidepressants – usually SSRIs – can induce an apathy syndrome or emotional blunting, i.e. a decrease in emotional responsiveness, to circumstances which would have triggered intense mood reactions prior to pharmacotherapy. The reported prevalence of antidepressant-induced apathy ranges between 5.8 and 50%, and for SSRIs ranges between 20 and 92%. Antidepressant-induced apathy emerges independently of diagnosis, age, and treatment outcome and appears dose-dependent and reversible. The main treatment strategy is dose reduction, though some data suggest the usefulness of treatment with olanzapine, bupropion, agomelatine or amisulpride, or the methylphenidate–modafinil–olanzapine combination.

Antidepressant-induced apathy needs careful clinical attention. Further systematic research is needed to investigate the prevalence, course, aetiology, and treatment of this important clinical condition.

Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent and impairing anxiety disorder with previous reports suggesting that the longer the condition remains untreated, the greater the likelihood of nonresponse. However, patients with PD may wait for years before receiving a guideline-recommended pharmacological treatment. The widespread prescription of benzodiazepines (BDZ) for managing anxiety symptoms and disorders might delay the administration of pharmacotherapy according to guidelines (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs). The present study aimed to determine the mean duration of untreated illness (DUI) in a sample of PD patients, to quantify and compare DUI-SSRI to DUI-BDZ, and to compare findings with those from previous investigations.

Three hundred and fourteen patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition diagnosis of PD were recruited from an Italian outpatient psychotherapy unit, and epidemiological and clinical variables were retrieved from medical records. Descriptive statistical analyses were undertaken for sociodemographic and clinical variables, Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test was applied to compare the distribution of DUI-SSRI vs DUI-BDZ, and Welch’s t test was performed to compare findings with those from previous studies.

The mean DUI-SSRI of the total sample was 64.25 ± 112.74 months, while the mean DUI-BDZ was significantly shorter (35.09 ± 78.62 months; P < 0.0001). A significantly longer DUI-SSRI, compared to findings from previous studies, was also observed.

The present results confirm a substantial delay in implementing adequate pharmacological treatments in patients with PD, and highlight the discrepancy between recommendations from international treatment guidelines and common clinical practice in relation to BDZ prescription.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a disabling and difficult-to-treat condition, new treatment options are needed to improve health outcomes. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, a non-invasive form of neurostimulation, has shown positive results in a small number of studies as a safe and potentially efficacious treatment for OCD. There nevertheless remains uncertainty about the optimal stimulation protocol, magnitude and duration of effect, acceptability, tolerability and practicality of applying tDCS clinical settings. As existing data are inadequate to support a full-scale trial, we will deliver a feasibility study to address key research questions and knowledge gaps to enable the design and the development of the most efficient, cost effective, definitive trial.

We designed Feasibility And Acceptability Of Transcranial Stimulation In Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms (FEATSOCS), a double-blind, sham-controlled, cross-over randomised multicentre study in 25 adults with OCD. We will stimulate the two most promising cortical sites, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). Each participant will receive three courses of tDCS (SMA, OFC and sham), randomly allocated, given in counterbalanced order. Each course comprises four 20 minutes-stimulations, delivered over two consecutive days, separated by at least four weeks’ washout period. Blinded raters will regularly assess clinical outcomes before, during and up to four weeks after stimulation using validated scales. We will include relevant neurocognitive tasks, testing cognitive flexibility, motor disinhibition, cooperation and habit learning.

FEATSOCS trial is currently underway and recruiting. Owing to the impact of COVID-19, a recruitment extension has been granted. At the study end, we will analyse the feasibility outcomes, magnitude of the effect of the interventions on OCD symptoms alongside the standard deviation of the outcome measure to estimate effect size, and determine the optimal stimulation target. We will also measure the duration of the effect of stimulation, to provide information on spacing treatments efficiently. We will evaluate the usefulness and limitations of specific neurocognitive tests to determine a definitive test battery. Qualitative data will be collected from participants to better understand their experience of taking part in a tDCS intervention, the impact on their overall quality of life and their views on the potential of tDCS as home based-intervention.

Further evidence is needed to establish whether tDCS could join the treatment armamentarium of OCD. The clinical outcomes in FEATSOCS will enable to further refine the methodology to ensure optimal efficiency in terms of both delivering and assessing the tDCS in OCD in a full scale trial.

The funder for this study is the National Institute for Health Research Programme, Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB) [Ref. no PB-PG-1216-20005]. Extra funding to allow study extension was provided by Orchard OCD. This study has received full ethics committee approval and protocol amendments approval form the Cambridge and Hertfordshire NHS Research Ethics Committee, IRAS Project ID 254507, REC ref: 19/EE/0046.

To explore the theory of wellbeing and to propose an operational definition for wellbeing in doctors.

Hypothesis: An operational definition for wellbeing in doctors is needed in order for it to be measured and interventions to improve it developed.

There is no internationally recognised definition for wellbeing and yet wellbeing is an increasingly fashionable topic of research and development, including in doctors. This is because wellbeing can be described using either hedonist, or eudonist philosophy and there is a lack of conceptual clarity about what wellbeing is, and how it works. Research into the measurement of mental wellbeing has been dominated by individualist societies, with the inherent bias towards measuring self-centred components and not the other-orientated components that might be valued more in collectivist societies and by doctors.

The Centre for Workforce Wellbeing (C4WW), a collaboration between the University of Southampton and Health Education England, was created to support research into the nature, assessment and enhancement of wellbeing in physicians. A literature review of the philosophy, definition and measurement of wellbeing was undertaken with a focus on mental wellbeing at work and specifically in doctors.

A concept map of the relationship between wellbeing terms has been created and was used to understand and classify where mental wellbeing itself was being defined and measured in studies, as opposed to a component of wellbeing, or determinant of wellbeing. Thematic analysis was used to develop an operational definition of wellbeing for doctors.

Measurement of wellbeing and interventions for wellbeing cannot be developed if you cannot clearly define what wellbeing is. An operational definition of mental wellbeing in doctors is ethically required to prevent research waste and to allow us to identify and recreate when doctors thrive, not just survive.

Health Education England funded PhD.

To achieve a consensus Core Outcome Set for measuring mental wellbeing in doctors.

Hypothesis: A minimum set of valid, reliable and practical wellbeing measures is needed for doctors.

The importance of doctors’ mental wellbeing to everyone using Health Care is highlighted by the levels of burnout reported in doctors around the world. In 2019 a number of UK policy documents made recommendations for the wellbeing of doctors, but how those wellbeing interventions are evaluated needs to be defined. Core Outcome Sets are increasingly being used in medicine to prevent waste in research, by recommending the inclusion of a minimum set of valid, reliable and practical measures. An operational definition and Core Outcome Set for wellbeing in doctors is needed to meaningfully progress the work in this field.

The Centre for Workforce Wellbeing (C4WW), a collaboration between the University of Southampton and Health Education England, was created to support research into the nature, assessment and enhancement of wellbeing in physicians. A Systematic Review of wellbeing measures used in doctors and the robustness of those measures, along with surveys of 250 UK doctors of all grades and specialities and patient and public involvement is informing what a core outcome set could be. A Delphi Study among 37 UK experts has been initiated to establish the consensus Core Outcome Set.

Publication of research into doctors’ wellbeing is growing internationally. In the UK alone data are being captured by multiple national organisations including: the Care Quality Commission, General Medical Council, British Medical Association and the Royal Colleges. Health and Social Care Organisations are, therefore, keen to “do something” and are spending money on wellbeing interventions with little, or no, evidence base and a lack of appropriate, comparable evaluation. A Core Outcome Set for measuring wellbeing in doctors is ethically required to reduce waste, to replace burnout measures and to refine wellbeing interventions.

Wellbeing measures that actually measure wellbeing, and not burnout, which are validated, reliable and practical, are needed to inform local organisational, national government and international research policy. An absence of burnout does not equate to wellbeing. The focus of measurement needs to shift to capture in what contexts we thrive, not just survive. If everyone used the same Core Outcome Set to measure mental wellbeing, direct comparisons could be made, and money invested, in creating infrastructure, processes and cultures that really work.

Health Education England funded PhD.

Background: Growing evidence from observational studies indicates a high prevalence of anxiety in asthma. However, prevalence rates of coexisting anxiety symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders vary widely across studies. We aimed to evaluate the associations between anxiety and asthma and provide more precise comorbidity estimates.

We systematically reviewed the literature from case-controlled studies and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled prevalence estimates and risks of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in asthma individuals. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were undertaken following PRISMA guidelines for preferred reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence rates. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3. Multiple databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsychINFO, and PsycARTICLES were searched for publications before 1 December 2019. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ref: CRD42020176028).

In total, 19 studies involving 106813 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in individuals with asthma was 0.32 (95% CI 0.22–0.43) and 0.24 (95% CI 0.13–0.41), respectively. The risks of coexisting anxiety symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders were significantly higher in asthma patients than in non-asthma controls indicated by OR 1.89 (95% CI 1.42–2.52; Z = 4.37; p < 0.001) and OR 2.08 (95% CI 1.70–2.56; Z = 6.97; p < 0.001), respectively. Anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders occur at increased frequency among patients with asthma.

Our findings highlight the need for appropriate assessments for these comorbid conditions, which may help to identify a subgroup of patients who might benefit from interventions designed to reduce anxiety and enhance the quality of life.

Alcohol-related presentations to acute hospitals in the UK are increasing, but little is known of the clinical characteristics or natural history of this patient group.

To describe the clinical characteristics, drinking profile and trajectory of a cohort of patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) attending hospital, and explore participant perspectives of the impact of hospital attendance on their relationship with alcohol.

We conducted a mixed method, prospective, observational cohort study of patients with AUD seen in an acute hospital. Participants were interviewed with a range of questionnaires at baseline and followed up on at 6 months. A subsample also completed in-depth qualitative interviews.

We recruited 141 patients; 132 (93.6%) were followed up at 6 months and 26 completed qualitative interviews. Of the 141 patients, 60 (42.6%) stated the index hospital episode included the first discussion of their alcohol use in a secondary care setting. Most rated discussion of their alcohol use in hospital as ‘very positive’ or ‘positive’ (102/141, 72.3%), but lack of coordinated care with community services undermined efforts to sustain change. At 6 months, 11 (7.8%) patients had died, but in those who survived and completed assessment (n = 121), significant and clinically meaningful improvements were seen across a range of outcomes, with 55 patients (45.5%) showing a favourable drinking outcome at 6 months.

Patients with AUD have high levels of morbidity and mortality, yet many made substantial changes following intervention in hospital for their alcohol use. Prospective trials need to identify the effect of alcohol care teams in optimising this ‘teachable moment’ for patients.

Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress.

Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week 12) of participants (n = 35) with anxiety disorders by psychopathological rating scales, with assays of HCC and levels of peripheral anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients underwent antidepressant treatment for an initial 6 weeks, followed by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) augmentation or ‘treatment as usual’ for a further 6 weeks.

At Baseline (n = 35), HCC was elevated in patients with single-episode but not recurrent-episode anxiety disorders, mean IL-12p70 levels were low, and mean TNF-α levels were elevated. Following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n = 33), mean HCC was within the normal range but mean IL-2 level was low. Celecoxib augmentation (n = 18) was associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms and normalisation of mean IL-2 levels.

Small sample size. Not all participants were assessed at all time points.

Serial assessment of HCC is practicable in patients with anxiety disorders. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in larger samples.

Questions have been raised regarding differences in the standards of care that patients receive when they are admitted to or discharged from in-patient units at weekends.

To compare the quality of care received by patients with anxiety and depressive disorders who were admitted to or discharged from psychiatric hospital at weekends with those admitted or discharged during the ‘working week’.

Retrospective case-note review of 3795 admissions to in-patient psychiatric wards in England. Quality of care received by people with depressive or anxiety disorders was compared using multivariable regression analyses.

In total, 795 (20.9%) patients were admitted at weekends and 157 (4.8%) were discharged at weekends. There were minimal differences in quality of care between those admitted at weekends and those admitted during the week. Patients discharged at weekends were less likely to be given sufficient notification (48 h) in advance of being discharged (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.39–0.78), to have a crisis plan in place (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.46–0.92) or to be given medication to take home (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.30–0.66). They were also less likely to have been assessed using a validated outcome measure (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.97).

There is no evidence of a ‘weekend effect’ for patients admitted to psychiatric hospital at weekends, but the quality of care offered to those who were discharged at weekends was relatively poor, highlighting the need for improvement in this area.

Research on psychotic illness is loosening emphasis on diagnostic stringency in favour of including a more dimensionally based conceptualization of psychopathology and pathobiology. However, to clarify these notions requires investigation of the full scope of psychotic diagnoses.

The Cavan–Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study ascertained cases of first episode psychosis across all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses via all routes to care: public, private or forensic; home-based, outpatient or inpatient. There was no arbitrary upper age cut-off and minimal impact of factors associated with variations in social milieu, ethnicity or urbanicity. Cases were evaluated epidemiologically and assessed for psychopathology, neuropsychology, neurology, antecedent factors, insight and quality of life.

Among 432 cases, the annual incidence of any DSM-IV psychotic diagnosis was 34.1/100 000 of population and encompassed functional psychotic diagnoses, substance-induced psychopathology and psychopathology due to general medical conditions, through to psychotic illness that defied contemporary diagnostic algorithms. These 12 DSM-IV diagnostic categories, including psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, showed clinical profiles that were consistently more similar than distinct.

There are considerable similarities and overlaps across a broad range of diagnostic categories in the absence of robust discontinuities between them. Thus, psychotic illness may be of such continuity that it cannot be fully captured by operational diagnostic algorithms that, at least in part, assume discontinuities. This may reflect the impact of diverse factors each of which acts on one or more overlapping components of a common, dysfunctional neuronal network implicated in the pathobiology of psychotic illness.

Community treatment orders (CTOs) have been in used in England and Wales since November 2008; however, their effectiveness has been debated widely, as has the question of which methodology is appropriate to investigate them. This paper uses national data to explore the use of CTOs in England.

About 5500 patients are subject to CTOs at any one time. Each year, ~4500 patients are made subject to a CTO each year and ~2500 are fully discharged, usually by the responsible clinician; fewer than half of CTO patients are recalled, and two-thirds of recalls end in revocation. The low rate of CTO discharges by mental health tribunals (below 5%) suggests that they are not used inappropriately.

The introduction of CTOs in England has coincided with a reduction in psychiatric service provision due to the economic downturn. Pressures on services might be even more severe if patients currently subject to CTOs instead needed to be detained as in-patients.

None.