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333 results

Page 1 of 17

The Political Economy of Public Pensions
  • Evaluation of physical health assessments for new admissions to the Oleaster during the first wave of COVID-19
  • Erin Lawson-Smith, Danielle Sutherland, Eleanor Brookes, Alex Zhang, Joji George
  • Journal: BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue S1 / June 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 June 2021, p. S88
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    Aims

    Physical health of psychiatric inpatients is worse than the general population. Physical health monitoring of these patients can have positive effects on outcomes. Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust (BSMHFT) states that a physical health assessment (PHA) should be completed within 72 hours of admission. This comprises a physical health form (PHF) and minimum data set (MDS): BP, BMI, TB and BBV status, alcohol and drug screen, smoking status, Hba1c and lipids. In a 2017 audit, compliance was shown to need improvement, with 28.3% of admissions not having a PHF documented.

    Objectives

    To assess whether PHAs for new admissions to the Oleaster, Birmingham during the first wave of COVID-19 were completed in line with trust policy

    To compare findings with a previous audit

    To make recommendations to improve inpatient physical health and compliance with trust policy

    Method

    A retrospective audit was conducted, with PHA details accessed via the electronic medical records system RiO. Admissions from 16/03/2020-30/06/2020 were accessed and 158 admissions (155 patients) were included. 21 admissions were excluded as they were internal transfers; only data from the initial admission were included. Data were collected by 2 medical students and a psychiatry trainee using a data collection tool. Data were recorded and analysed on Excel.

    Result

    Of 158 admissions, 81 had PHFs (51.3%). 59 were completed within 72 hours of admission (34.3%); 39 were completed fully (24.7%). Of incomplete PHFs, 2 explicitly stated incompletion due to COVID-19. 22 PHFs were created but not completed within 72 hours. 15 gave a deferral reason e.g., refusal to consent or agitation. For 77 admissions (47.3%), no assessment was documented, with no reason given.

    2 admissions (1.3%) recorded the full MDS within 72 hours of admission.

    2 admissions (1.3%) had fully complete PHAs (PHF and MDS) within 72 hours of admission, fulfilling trust policy.

    Conclusion

    51.3% of admissions had a PHF, with 34.3% documented within 72 hours of admission. However, only 1.3% of admissions fulfilled trust policy of both a completed PHF and MDS within 72 hours of admission. There were more admissions without a PHF than in the previous 2017 audit; 47.33% compared to 28.3% previously. Given trust targets that a PHA should be fully completed for 100% of admissions, it was found that the Oleaster did not meet these guidelines during this period and improvements must be made to maintain integrity of patient care.

  • Mind and body: physical health monitoring in clozapine treatment
  • Moataz Abdelreheem, Olivia Connell, Daniel McNally, Itunuayo Veronica Ayeni, Clare Smith
  • Journal: BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue S1 / June 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 June 2021, p. S168
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    Aims

    To evaluate physical health monitoring standards in patients on Clozapine in the community.

    Standards

    NICE and BNF guidelines for patients on established clozapine treatment advise annual monitoring of weight, waist circumference, pulse, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, blood lipids and overall physical health assessment. Full blood count is monitored 1-4 weekly.

    Background

    In the management of schizophrenia, antipsychotic medication remains the cornerstone of treatment. Patients affected carry a significant physical health burden with a reduced life expectancy of 10-25 years. Factors that contribute include sedentary lifestyles, consequent obesity and cardiovascular disease, disengagement from health services, a higher incidence of suicide and the physical side effects of antipsychotic medication. For these reasons, comprehensive routine physical assessment of patients on antipsychotic treatment is of central importance.

    Method

    This audit is a retrospective study of patients known to South Kensington & Chelsea Community Mental Health Team (CMHT). Patients (n = 48) were audited from the Clozapine clinic SystemOne database over a one year period (October 2018-2019) to assess annual monitoring of full blood count (FBC), urea and electrolytes (U&Es), lipid profile, liver function tests (LFTs), HbA1C, thyroid function tests (TFTs), clozapine levels, ECG, and general physical and mental health review.

    Result

    Of the 48 patients, one was transferred to a different service so was excluded (n = 47 total).

    All (100.0%) of the patients had annual FBC tests. All but one (97.9%) of the patients had a physical health review including blood pressure, pulse, weight and BMI measurement. Three quarters (74.5%) received annual U&Es and LFTs. Almost two thirds of patients had annual lipid and HBA1c screening (63.8%) and over half the cohort had annual TFTs (61.7%). Regarding annual multidisciplinary mental health review, this was performed for the majority of the patients (70.2%).

    Contrastingly, only a quarter of the patients received annual screening of glucose and Clozapine levels (27.7% for both). Only 12 patients had annual ECG (25.5%).

    Conclusion

    Following review it is clear that most parameters were monitored annually in a majority of patients. However, shortcomings were detected, specifically annual ECG and waist circumference monitoring.

    In order to ensure comprehensive monitoring of mental and physical health of patients on Clozapine, flow charts of tests and reviews needed for each patient were written up clearly and will be included in the management pathway for every patient on Clozapine. This was agreed to minimise missing any step, particularly annual ECGs.

  • 1 - Introduction
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 1-21
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    Summary

    We provide an overview of the monetary policy failures that resulted in the 2007–2008 financial crisis and ensuing Great Recession, focusing on the United States. Before the crisis, monetary policy was too loose, which fueled the bubble. After the bubble burst, monetary policy became too tight, hindering the recovery. These failures are fundamentally due to the Federal Reserve’s discretionary monetary policy. Furthermore, the popular approach of “constrained discretion” is really just discretion. Hence, it is sensitive to all the usual problems with discretionary monetary policy. Only firm monetary rules, ones that actually bind, can maintain macroeconomic stability and prevent crises.

  • 3 - Incentive Problems with Discretionary Central Banking
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 58-93
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    Summary

    Orthodox monetary policy scholarship assumes that central bankers act to maximize the public welfare. If imperfect incentives enter the model, it is on the part of the public. We challenge this assumption. Monetary policymakers are just as prone to incentive problems, which cause them to act according to their own self-interest. Furthermore, the self-interest of policymakers is not always the same thing as the public welfare. The two diverge frequently, in fact. We survey the history of the Federal Reserve and show the numerous ways discretionary central bankers have been compromised. These incentive problems are an inherent feature of discretion. They can only be eliminated by embracing true monetary rules.

  • 2 - Knowledge Problems with Discretionary Monetary Policy
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 22-57
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    Summary

    We analyze the information problems inherent in discretionary monetary policy. Discretionary central bankers confront immense informational burdens. Some of these are technical problems only, and can in principle be overcome. But there is also a genuine knowledge problem involved in discretionary monetary policy: reacting in real time to changes in the demand for money. This problem is unsolvable. It renders discretionary central banking systematically unlikely to achieve macroeconomic stability. In contrast, rules-based policy does not confront a knowledge problem.

  • 7 - Conclusion
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 167-184
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    Summary

    We conclude by situating the theory and practice of monetary policy within liberal political economy more generally. As we have seen, there are significant tensions between existing monetary institutions (discretionary central banking) and liberal ideals. This has been made even clearer by the Federal Reserve’s response to COVID-19. In brief, the Fed is now engaging in not only monetary policy but fiscal policy as well. This represents an immense expansion in its mandate, one that poses serious challenges for general and predictable monetary policy. The way out of this mess is embracing a comparative institutions approach to monetary policy. We cannot be satisfied with technical refinements to existing models and data. We need to explore alternative monetary policy rules, ones that are effective at providing macroeconomic stability while also respecting the requirements of democracy.

  • 5 - On the Shoulders of Giants
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 125-145
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    Summary

    At root, the problems with the Federal Reserve (and many other central banks) are institutional. The repeated recessions and crises in the era of the Fed show that we need a radical reimagination of the basic institutions of monetary policy. In this chapter, we survey the work of the three great classically liberal Nobel laureates of the twentieth century – James Buchanan, F. A. Hayek, and Milton Friedman – to show that each of them gave serious consideration to monetary-institutional fundamentals. Our focus is not on their particular conclusions, but on how they thought about the problems of monetary institutional design. This represents a very different style of scholarship than macroeconomists and monetary economists currently practice. Unless scholars engage the research projects of Buchanan, Hayek, and Friedman, research in monetary economics will not be of much help in achieving lasting macroeconomic stability.

  • 4 - When Firefighters Are Arsonists
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 94-124
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    Summary

    Financial crises are widely perceived to be the reason monetary rules cannot work. The extraordinary challenges posed by crises require policymakers to act discretionarily. We show that this argument is not only wrong but backward: It is more important than ever to have true rules for monetary policy, which actually bind, to cope with financial crises. We show how the Fed failed to respond appropriately to the 2007–2008 crisis. Contrary to the then chairman Bernanke’s public statements, the Fed did not behave as an orthodox lender of last resort. Instead, it experimented with dubious policies that further entrenched moral hazard in the financial system. We criticize these policies, as well as an approach to economics, which we call “triage economics,” that mistakenly supposes the basic rules of price theory provided no guidance in crafting policy responses to crises. A rules-based approach to monetary policy is thus consistent with extreme market turbulence. In fact, rules are how such turbulence is pacified.

  • 6 - Money and the Rule of Law
  • Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University, Virginia, Alexander William Salter, Texas Tech University, Daniel J. Smith, Middle Tennessee State University
  • Book: Money and the Rule of Law
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021, pp 146-166
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    Summary

    In this chapter, we focus on the idea of the rule of law in the classical liberal tradition. The rule of law is a basic jurisprudential norm that undergirds liberal democracies. We show that discretionary central banking is inconsistent with the rule of law. Discretionary central banking fails the test of generality: It benefits special interests, but not the public as a whole. Also, discretionary banking fails the test of predictability: It does not create an environment conducive to reliable public expectations of future policy. For these reasons, it is unlikely that discretionary central banking can be reconciled with self-governance. We reaffirm the imperative of liberal democracy, as well as uncovering monetary institutions that are compatible with liberal democracy. Until we do so, we fail to meet the basic challenge of self-governance.

  • Voting Lines, Equal Treatment, and Early Voting Check-In Times in Florida
  • David Cottrell, Michael C. Herron, Daniel A. Smith
  • Journal: State Politics & Policy Quarterly / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / June 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 June 2021, pp. 109-138
  • Print publication: June 2021
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    Lines at the polls raise the cost of voting and can precipitate unequal treatment of voters. Research on voting lines is nonetheless hampered by a fundamental measurement problem: little is known about the distribution of time voters spend in line prior to casting ballots. We argue that early, in-person voter check-in times allow us identify individuals who waited in line to vote. Drawing on election administrative records from two General Elections in Florida—1,031,179 check-ins from 2012 and 1,846,845 from 2016—we find that minority voters incurred disproportionately long wait times in 2012 and that in-person voters who waited excessively in 2012 had a slightly lower probability—approximately one percent—of turning out to vote in 2016, ceteris paribus. These individuals also had slightly lower turnout probabilities in the 2014 Midterm Election, ceteris paribus. Our results draw attention to the ongoing importance of the administrative features of elections that influence the cost of voting and ultimately the extent to which voters are treated equally.

Money and the Rule of Law
  • Money and the Rule of Law
  • Generality and Predictability in Monetary Institutions
  • Peter J. Boettke, Alexander William Salter, Daniel J. Smith
  • Published online: 13 May 2021
  • Print publication: 03 June 2021
  • View description
    Contemporary monetary institutions are flawed at a foundational level. The reigning paradigm in monetary policy holds up constrained discretion as the preferred operating framework for central banks. But no matter how smart or well-intentioned are central bankers, discretionary policy contains information and incentive problems that make macroeconomic stability systematically unlikely. Furthermore, central bank discretion implicitly violates the basic jurisprudential norms of liberal democracy. Drawing on a wide body of scholarship, this volume presents a novel argument in favor of embedding monetary institutions into a rule of law framework. The authors argue for general, predictable rules to provide a sturdier foundation for economic growth and prosperity. A rule of law approach to monetary policy would remedy the flaws that resulted in misguided monetary responses to the 2007-8 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the case for true monetary rules is the first step toward creating more stable monetary institutions.
  • Assessing implementation fidelity in the First Episode Rapid Early Intervention for Eating Disorders service model
  • Katie L. Richards, Michaela Flynn, Amelia Austin, Katie Lang, Karina L. Allen, Ranjeet Bassi, Gabrielle Brady, Amy Brown, Frances Connan, Mary Franklin-Smith, Danielle Glennon, Nina Grant, William Rhys Jones, Kuda Kali, Antonia Koskina, Kate Mahony, Victoria A. Mountford, Nicole Nunes, Monique Schelhase, Lucy Serpell, Ulrike Schmidt
  • Journal: BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue 3 / May 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2021, e98
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    Background

    The First Episode Rapid Early Intervention for Eating Disorders (FREED) service model is associated with significant reductions in wait times and improved clinical outcomes for emerging adults with recent-onset eating disorders. An understanding of how FREED is implemented is a necessary precondition to enable an attribution of these findings to key components of the model, namely the wait-time targets and care package.

    Aims

    This study evaluated fidelity to the FREED service model during the multicentre FREED-Up study.

    Method

    Participants were 259 emerging adults (aged 16–25 years) with an eating disorder of <3 years duration, offered treatment through the FREED care pathway. Patient journey records documented patient care from screening to end of treatment. Adherence to wait-time targets (engagement call within 48 h, assessment within 2 weeks, treatment within 4 weeks) and care package, and differences in adherence across diagnosis and treatment group were examined.

    Results

    There were significant increases (16–40%) in adherence to the wait-time targets following the introduction of FREED, irrespective of diagnosis. Receiving FREED under optimal conditions also increased adherence to the targets. Care package use differed by component and diagnosis. The most used care package activities were psychoeducation and dietary change. Attention to transitions was less well used.

    Conclusions

    This study provides an indication of adherence levels to key components of the FREED model. These adherence rates can tentatively be considered as clinically meaningful thresholds. Results highlight aspects of the model and its implementation that warrant future examination.

  • ‘She Should Not Be a Model’: The Effect of Exposure to Plus-Size Models on Body Dissatisfaction, Mood, and Facebook Commenting Behaviour
  • Daniel Talbot, Hannah Mansfield, Samantha Hayes, Evelyn Smith
  • Journal: Behaviour Change , First View
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 April 2021, pp. 1-13
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    Objectives: The present study investigated the exposure effect of plus-size models on body dissatisfaction and mood, and the nature of participants’ commenting behaviour towards images of plus-size models. Method: The study was comprised of 92 female university students who were exposed to Facebook photos of plus-size models. Participants were randomly allocated to having the exposed photo paired with positive, negative, or neutral comments, and participants were asked to leave an anonymous comment on each picture. Results: Results showed that participants had less body dissatisfaction and better mood after exposure to plus-size models regardless of the comment condition. Additionally, comment condition significantly influenced the type of comments participants contributed — in photos paired with negative comments, participants were significantly more likely to leave negative comments themselves, with 40% of participants leaving negative comments compared with 4% in the positive condition, and 12% in the neutral condition. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the negative comments of plus-size models can encourage bystanders to contribute negative comments themselves; reinforcing the need to develop better protocols to oppose cyberbullying and encourage an online environment of positivity.

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