OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Social isolation/loneliness is a public health crisis and one that is unlikely to be solved through pharmacology. Nonpharmacological approaches, such as dance, are needed. The objective of this study is to investigate the physiological correlates of dance-induced improvements in social connection. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were randomly assigned to participate for 4 weeks (2 times per week, 90-minute sessions) in either 1) improvisational dance training (experimental group; n=7); or a 2) dance movie watching experience (control group; n=7). Before and after the intervention, using mobile brain-body imaging techniques, participants and their instructor had their brain (via electroencephalography) and body physiology (via photoplethysmography) recorded during a series of verbal and nonverbal interactive experiences. Participants were also video recorded via 4 surrounding cameras for later motion capture analysis. Neuropsychological assessments were also conducted before and after the intervention. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that dance significantly increased social skills including empathy, interpersonal skills, emotional regulation, mindfulness, and attention. Additionally, we found that dance significantly increased interbrain synchrony during nonverbal experiences including theta (4-8 Hz), beta (12-35 Hz), and gamma (35-45 Hz) frequencies in the occipital lobe. Increases in interbrain synchrony were also positively correlated with increases in empathy. Additionally, intercardiac synchrony between the participant and instructor showed a significant correlation at post-intervention only. Future investigations will focus on the relationship between interbrain, intercardiac, and movement synchrony. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings support the idea that dance increases interpersonal synchrony at the level of the brain, heart, and behavior. Understanding the neural and somatic mechanisms of social behaviors will help promote understanding and development of interventions for the critical problem of social isolation and loneliness.

The contemporary Chinese intellectual Kang Xiaoguang has argued that Chinese soft power should be based on Confucian culture, the most influential Chinese political tradition. But which Confucian values should form the core of China's soft power? This paper first explores the coexistence of state sovereignty and utopian cosmopolitanism through an analysis of Confucian tradition up to contemporary Chinese nationalism. It insists on the exogenous roots of the cosmopolitan ideal and its relations with the ideal of a harmonious political order and a global peace. Then, it compares the philosophy of ‘all-under-heaven’ in its classical and contemporary forms, with Mencius’ theory of a ‘hegemon’, a theory that still informs the moral language that Chinese intellectuals use to evaluate foreign policy, especially regarding morally-justified warfare. It ends on a reflection on the role that Mencius's theory of just and unjust war can play in the contemporary Chinese context and to help understanding and defining the stance of China in the international geo-political context.

New technologies and disruptions related to Coronavirus disease-2019 have led to expansion of decentralized approaches to clinical trials. Remote tools and methods hold promise for increasing trial efficiency and reducing burdens and barriers by facilitating participation outside of traditional clinical settings and taking studies directly to participants. The Trial Innovation Network, established in 2016 by the National Center for Advancing Clinical and Translational Science to address critical roadblocks in clinical research and accelerate the translational research process, has consulted on over 400 research study proposals to date. Its recommendations for decentralized approaches have included eConsent, participant-informed study design, remote intervention, study task reminders, social media recruitment, and return of results for participants. Some clinical trial elements have worked well when decentralized, while others, including remote recruitment and patient monitoring, need further refinement and assessment to determine their value. Partially decentralized, or “hybrid” trials, offer a first step to optimizing remote methods. Decentralized processes demonstrate potential to improve urban-rural diversity, but their impact on inclusion of racially and ethnically marginalized populations requires further study. To optimize inclusive participation in decentralized clinical trials, efforts must be made to build trust among marginalized communities, and to ensure access to remote technology.

A multivariate, formal power series over a field K is a Bézivin series if all of its coefficients can be expressed as a sum of at most r elements from a finitely generated subgroup $G \le K^*$; it is a Pólya series if one can take $r=1$. We give explicit structural descriptions of D-finite Bézivin series and D-finite Pólya series over fields of characteristic $0$, thus extending classical results of Pólya and Bézivin to the multivariate setting.

Background:Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Even after recovery, recurrent CDI (rCDI) occurs frequently, and concomitant antibiotic use for treatment of a concurrent non–C. difficile infection is a major risk factor. Treatment with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin is associated with similar rate of cure and lower recurrence risk. However, the comparative efficacy of these 2 agents remains unclear in those receiving concomitant antibiotics. Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, open-label trial at the University of Michigan and St. Joseph Mercy hospitals in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Patients provided written informed consent at enrollment. We included all hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with a positive test for toxigenic C. difficile, >3 unformed stools per 24 hours, and ≥1 qualifying concomitant antibiotic with a planned treatment of an infection for ≥5 days after enrollment. We excluded patients with complicated CDI, allergy to vancomycin–fidaxomicin, planned adjunctive CDI treatments, CDI treatment for >24 hours prior to enrollment, concomitant laxative use, current or planned colostomy or ileostomy, and/or planned long-term (>12 weeks) concomitant antibiotic use. Clinical cure was defined as resolution of diarrhea for 2 consecutive days maintained until the end of therapy and for 2 days afterward. rCDI was defined as recurrent diarrhea with positive testing within 30 days of initial treatment. Patients were randomized (stratified by ICU status) to fidaxomicin 200 mg twice daily or vancomycin 125 mg orally 4 times daily for 10 days. If concomitant antibiotic treatment continued >10 days, the study drug continued until the concomitant antibiotic ended. Bivariable statistics included t tests and χ2 tests. Results: After screening 5,101 patients for eligibility (May 2017–May 2021), 144 were included and randomized (Fig. 1). Study characteristics and outcomes are noted in Table 1. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Most patients were aged <65 years, were on a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), and were not in the ICU. The mean duration of concomitant antibiotic was 18.4 days. In the intention-to-treat population, clinical cure (73% vs 62.9%; P =.195), and rCDI (3.3% vs 4.0%; P >.99) were similar for fidaxomicin and vancomycin, respectively. Conclusions: In this study of patients with CDI receiving a concomitant antibiotic, a numerically higher proportion were cured with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin, but this result did not reach statistical significance. Overall recurrence was lower than anticipated in both arms compared to previous studies in which duration of CDI treatment was not extended during concomitant antibiotic treatment. Future studies are needed to ascertain whether clinical cure is higher with fidaxomicin than vancomycin during concomitant antibiotic exposure, and whether extending the duration of CDI treatment reduces recurrence.

Funding: Merck & Co.

Disclosures: None

The Variables and Slow Transients Survey (VAST) on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is designed to detect highly variable and transient radio sources on timescales from 5 s to $\sim\!5$ yr. In this paper, we present the survey description, observation strategy and initial results from the VAST Phase I Pilot Survey. This pilot survey consists of $\sim\!162$ h of observations conducted at a central frequency of 888 MHz between 2019 August and 2020 August, with a typical rms sensitivity of $0.24\ \mathrm{mJy\ beam}^{-1}$ and angular resolution of $12-20$ arcseconds. There are 113 fields, each of which was observed for 12 min integration time, with between 5 and 13 repeats, with cadences between 1 day and 8 months. The total area of the pilot survey footprint is 5 131 square degrees, covering six distinct regions of the sky. An initial search of two of these regions, totalling 1 646 square degrees, revealed 28 highly variable and/or transient sources. Seven of these are known pulsars, including the millisecond pulsar J2039–5617. Another seven are stars, four of which have no previously reported radio detection (SCR J0533–4257, LEHPM 2-783, UCAC3 89–412162 and 2MASS J22414436–6119311). Of the remaining 14 sources, two are active galactic nuclei, six are associated with galaxies and the other six have no multi-wavelength counterparts and are yet to be identified.

Background: Systemic racism results in health inequities based on patient race, ethnicity, and language preference. Whether these inequities exist in pediatric central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) is unknown. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients with central lines hospitalized from October 2012 to June 2019 at our tertiary-care children’s hospital. Self-reported race, ethnicity, language preference, demographic, and clinical factors were extracted from the electronic health record. The primary outcome was non–mucosal barrier injury (non-MBI) CLABSI episodes as defined by the NHSN. CLABSI rates between groups were compared using χ2 tests and Cox proportional hazard regression. We adjusted for care unit, age, immunosuppressed status, diapered status, central-line type, line insertion within 7 days, daily CLABSI maintenance bundle compliance, number of blood draws and IV medication doses, and need for total parental nutrition, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and renal replacement therapy. In mid-2019, we engaged stakeholders in each care unit to describe preliminary findings and to identify and address potential drivers of observed inequities. Results: We included 337 non-MBI CLABSI events over 230,699 central-line days (CLDs). The overall non-MBI CLABSI rate during the study period was 1.46 per 1,000 CLDs. Unadjusted CLABSI rates for black or African American (henceforth, “black”), Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and Asian (the 4 largest race or ethnicity groups by CLDs) patients were 2.74, 1.53, 1.42, 1.24 per 1,000 CLDs, respectively (P < .001) (Table 1). Unadjusted CLABSI rates for patients with limited-English proficiency (LEP) and English-language preference were 1.98 and 1.38 per 1,000 CLDs, respectively (P = .014). After adjusting for covariates, the hazard ratio (HR) point estimate for CLABSI rate remained higher for black patients (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.99–2.28) and patients with LEP (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.87–2.05), compared to the reference group based on largest CLD. The differences in CLABSI rate by race or ethnicity and language were more pronounced in 2 of our 6 care units. Stakeholder engagement and analysis of hospital data revealed opportunities on those units for improved (1) interpreter utilization and (2) line maintenance observation practices by race/ethnicity and language preference (data not shown). These findings and CLABSI rates over time by race/ethnicity and language preference (Figures 1 and 2) were shared with frontline staff. Conclusions: In our children’s hospital, CLABSI rates differed based on patients’ self-reported race, ethnicity, and language preference, despite controlling for factors commonly associated with CLABSI. Identifying inequities in CLABSI rates and mitigating their determinants are both essential to the goal of achieving equitable care.

Funding: No

Disclosures: None

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

We describe differences between urinary tract infection treatment and events reported by nursing homes enrolled in the National Healthcare Safety Network. In 2017, almost 4 times as many antibiotic starts as infection events were reported, suggesting that opportunities exist for antibiotic stewardship and improvement of urinary tract infection reporting.

The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) is the first large-area survey to be conducted with the full 36-antenna Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. RACS will provide a shallow model of the ASKAP sky that will aid the calibration of future deep ASKAP surveys. RACS will cover the whole sky visible from the ASKAP site in Western Australia and will cover the full ASKAP band of 700–1800 MHz. The RACS images are generally deeper than the existing NRAO VLA Sky Survey and Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey radio surveys and have better spatial resolution. All RACS survey products will be public, including radio images (with $\sim$ 15 arcsec resolution) and catalogues of about three million source components with spectral index and polarisation information. In this paper, we present a description of the RACS survey and the first data release of 903 images covering the sky south of declination $+41^\circ$ made over a 288-MHz band centred at 887.5 MHz.

Neuropsychological studies of temporal lobe epilepsy have focused heavily on the nature and extent of memory dysfunction and its relationship to the neuropathological status of the hippocampus and related mesial temporal lobe structures. In this study, we examined whole brain and lobar quantitative MRI volumes and comprehensive neuropsychological performance in 58 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and 62 healthy controls in order to determine (1) the nature and degree of extratemporal structural abnormalities in localization-related temporal lobe epilepsy; (2) the nature and degree of cognitive abnormalities outside of anterograde memory function; and (3) the relationship of volumetric abnormalities to neuropsychological status. Temporal lobe epilepsy patients exhibited significant reduction in the volume of adjusted (age, gender, height) total cerebral tissue (−5.8%), more evident in white (−9.8%) compared to gray matter (−3.0%) tissue volumes. Significant volumetric reductions were evident across frontal, temporal and parietal but not occipital lobe regions. Subarachnoid but not total ventricular CSF was significantly increased in epilepsy patients. Neuropsychological abnormality was generalized in nature, consistent with the generalized nature of the morphometric abnormalities, and reductions in cerebral tissue volumes were directly associated with poorer cognitive performance. In summary, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy exhibited clinically significant structural and functional abnormalities that extended outside the epileptogenic temporal lobe. The degree to which these structural and cognitive abnormalities are due to factors that cause the epilepsy, as opposed to reflecting the consequences of chronic epilepsy (e.g., duration and severity of epilepsy), remain to be determined. (JINS, 2003, 9, 353–362.)

We present the results of an approximately 6 100 deg2 104–196 MHz radio sky survey performed with the Murchison Widefield Array during instrument commissioning between 2012 September and 2012 December: the MWACS. The data were taken as meridian drift scans with two different 32-antenna sub-arrays that were available during the commissioning period. The survey covers approximately 20.5 h < RA < 8.5 h, − 58° < Dec < −14°over three frequency bands centred on 119, 150 and 180 MHz, with image resolutions of 6–3 arcmin. The catalogue has 3 arcmin angular resolution and a typical noise level of 40 mJy beam− 1, with reduced sensitivity near the field boundaries and bright sources. We describe the data reduction strategy, based upon mosaicked snapshots, flux density calibration, and source-finding method. We present a catalogue of flux density and spectral index measurements for 14 110 sources, extracted from the mosaic, 1 247 of which are sub-components of complexes of sources.