OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The serotonin receptor 6 (5-HT6) is a potential therapeutic target given its distribution in brain regions that are important in depression, anxiety, and cognition. This study sought to investigate the effects of age on 5-HT6 receptor availability using 11C GSK215083, a PET ligand with affinity for 5-HT6 in the striatum and 5-HT2A in the cortex. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 28 healthy male subjects (age range: 23–52 years) were scanned with 11C-GSK215083 on the HR+PET scanner. Time-activity curves in regions-of-interest were fitted with multilinear analysis-1 method. Binding potentials (BPND) were calculated using cerebellum as the reference region and corrected for partial volume effects. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In 5-HT6 rich areas, regional 11C-GSK215083 displayed a negative correlation between BPND and age in the caudate (r=−0.41, p=0.03) (14% change per decade), and putamen (r=−0.30, p=0.04) (11% change per decade), but not in the ventral striatum and pallidum. Negative correlation with age was also seen in cortical regions (r=−0.41, p=0.03) (7% change per decade), consistent with the literature on 5-HT2A availability. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is the first in vivo study in humans to examine the effect of age on 5-HT6 receptor availability. The study demonstrated a significant age-related decline in 5-HT6 availability (BPND) in the caudate and putamen.

Pollen and δ13CTOM data obtained from two contrasting lake sequences (Lakes Kamalété and Nguène), located 200 km apart in the lowland rainforest of Gabon, provide complementary local and regional 1500-yr records of high resolution (15–30 yr) vegetation change. A combination of aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial pollen showed in both records that the tropical rainforest increased during periods of high rainfall and decreased during drought intervals. The strong fluctuations of water balance at decadal scale during the “Medieval Warm Period” (∼ 1100–800 cal yr BP) coincided with a noticeable increase in shade-intolerant taxa, indicating recurring rainforest canopy disturbance. The δ13CTOM signal showed high-amplitude variations in both records, which positively correlates with the rainforest dynamics and local vegetation changes. The similar trends in both the pollen and the δ13CTOM signals between these sites demonstrate the regional broadly synchronous timing of shifting hydrological conditions. The largely positive co-variation between strong fluctuations of hydrological conditions and changes in rainforest structure and composition indicate that regional climatic change is probably the driving force for major rainforest dynamics in Gabon. Any significant anthropogenic impact on vegetation has not been clearly identified, and this issue still needs to be resolved independently by obtaining detailed archeological records across the interval 1400–800 BP, which currently seem to be extremely rare or not easily available.

Background: Factors associated with the wish to die should be investigated in order to gain more opportunities for preventive interventions targeting older adults at risk for suicide. The goal of the research was to study the prevalence and associated factors of wishes to die in older adults living in the community using the data from a survey on the prevalence of mental disorders in this population.

Methods: With a representative sample of community living older adults aged 65 years and over (N = 2777), we compared individuals with the wish to die (n = 163) to those without the wish to die on the basis of the presence and severity of daily hassles, physical illness, and sleep quality.

Results: Logistic regression revealed that when depression and sociodemographic variables were held constant, self-rated physical health, number of chronic illnesses, number and intensity of daily hassles, as well as sleep problems were significantly associated with the wish to die in older adults. Painful illnesses and daytime dysfunction due to sleep problems were also associated factors with the wish to die.

Conclusion: Since desire for death is the first step into the suicidal process, health professionals should seriously consider the important and unique contribution of these variables in order to have more opportunities for detection and intervention.

We compute the flow about an oblate spheroidal bubble of prescribed shape set fixed in a viscous linear shear flow in the range of moderate to high Reynolds numbers. In contrast to predictions based on inviscid theory, the numerical results reveal that for weak enough shear rates, the lift force and torque change sign in an intermediate range of Reynolds numbers when the bubble oblateness exceeds a critical value that depends on the relative shear rate. This effect is found to be due to the vorticity generated at the bubble surface which, combined with the velocity gradient associated with the upstream shear, results in a system of two counter-rotating streamwise vortices whose sign is opposite to that induced by the classical inviscid tilting of the upstream vorticity around the bubble. We show that this lift reversal mechanism is closely related to the wake instability mechanism experienced by a spheroidal bubble rising in a stagnant liquid.

With the development of modern high-speed communication our sense of local and global are blurred to the point that these two topological extremes are often conflated as ‘glocal’. This paper examines the significance of this change and assesses its effects on the productivity and creativity of electroacoustic musicians. More profoundly, it also considers whether this shift in social geography had any bearing on the constitution of an explicit electroacoustic community.

To specifically carry out this analysis we consider how an understanding of the system of social relations as a non-random network changes our perception of proximity and distance. We then derive a typology for the contemporary critiques of new technologies and highlight the opportunities it offers to interpret social relations anew. This analysis helps firm up the notion of virtuality that we use to explore our understanding of electroacoustic musical creation with respect to the benefits it can derive from a ‘glocal’ environment. It also establishes the premise of a collective subject emerging from ‘glocal’ communications that may serve as a seed to a renewed electroacoustic community.

In German, the word Holzwege means ‘paths that lead nowhere but that are not inconsequential’. They are paths which, without a goal, facilitate the transforming experience of a journey that can gently, yet profoundly, touch our physical, emotional and intellectual self. In this paper, Holzwege is metaphor for a reflection on aesthetics and computer/electroacoustic music, a reflection that does not seek to demonstrate but to suggest. Thus, rather than considering and refining the abundance of concepts and definitions which seek to circumscribe the aesthetic characteristics of these musical idioms, this reflection goes beyond definitions to outline a path of no-aesthetics which highlights their creative potential.

When referring to the electroacoustic community, we often picture a set of select institutions whose members are engaged in the process of music making by electronic means. This mythic community is assumed to have a unity of purpose and a common set of be liefs. However, considering the divergence of positions expressed in and around this ‘community’, we are tempted to dismiss the notion of any commonality. If we reframe our thinking and avoid transcendence to be ‘in a pure field of immanence’ (Deleuze 1988b: 7), we have the potential for a new definition of collegiality which may permit a community-in-becoming to emerge within electroacoustics.

This paper deals with the role of the composer in algorithmic music. This role departs from traditional models because of the way computers are used in the compositional process, particularly when signal processing techniques are being integrated with sophisticated formal models to generate musical compositions. We shall examine several types of ‘musical formalism’ in order to bring out the active role of the composer in the compositional process.