OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Women and healthcare providers from underserved rural and urban communities participated in Community Engagement (CE) studios to offer perspectives for increasing research participation of women from diverse backgrounds prior to initiating recruitment for a randomized-controlled trial comparing treatments for urgency urinary incontinence. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CE studios are listening sessions to gather patient or community input on specific study areas of interest before implementation. Ten CE studios were held via Zoom at five study sites (Rhode Island, Washington DC, Alabama, New Mexico, and Southern California). Each site held two studios: 1) women living with urgency urinary incontinence, 2) clinicians providing care in their areas. Participants gave recommendations on ways to increase study participation of women from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds with a focus on recruitment and retention, identification of barriers to participation, and suggested approaches to overcome those barriers. Summaries were compiled from each CE studio to identify similar and contrasting recommendations across sites. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 80 participants (47 community women experiencing urgency urinary incontinence, and 33 healthcare professionals) participated across all sites. Studio participants discussed anticipated barriers for participant recruitment and retention with a focus on solutions to those barriers. Based on these suggestions, we created recruitment materials using pictures, videos, and simple terminology. We created educational content to help providers with current best practices for urinary urgency incontinence. We have allowed most study visits to be conducted virtually, identified affiliated clinics in various locations to improve proximity to undeserved communities, and have earmarked additional funds to help offset travel costs including gas, public transportation, and childcare. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: CE studios have provided pragmatic patient- and provider-centered recommendations that have been incorporated into functional strategies to improve research participation and diversity. CTSA CE core expertise can support successful CE studio planning and implementation.

The deep regolith of the southeastern United States has undergone rapid erosion in the last two centuries due to intensive agricultural practices, which has altered the landscape and its inherent fertility. Parent material, landscape position, and land use are important factors in controlling the mineral and elemental composition of soil profiles. Independent quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) and whole-rock chemical analysis of eight weathering profiles agreed well and allow mineral reaction pathways to be constrained as particles are conveyed in the subsurface. QXRD analysis of saprolite, argillic, and soil A-horizons in the profiles highlights the imprint of bedrock on the regolith, which includes Neoproterozoic meta-tonalitic to meta-granodioritic and Paleozoic meta-granitic to biotite- and amphibolite-gneissic lithologies. Also, aeolian input slightly influenced A-horizon composition. The clay mineral assemblage is dominated by kaolinite, but profiles differ in the amount of interstratified clay minerals, halloysite, hematite, goethite, and gibbsite. Rare-earth element totals vary between 30 and 1048 ppm and are generally correlated positively with clay and clay mineral content. Eu and Ce anomalies reflect parent rocks and subsequent hydrolysis and redox history, with trends depending upon landscape position and clay content in the weathering profile. Weathering profiles on a high-order interfluve and those that were actively cultivated have thick argillic horizons (as defined by clay mineral abundance) and are depleted in alkali and alkaline-earth elements. Profiles proximally developed on old-field pine and never-cultivated hardwood forest land do not show large differences in mineral composition trends, whereas profiles on old-field sites with ongoing cultivation exhibit assemblages enriched in clay minerals and (oxyhydr)oxides. Old-field pine sites that were historically eroded by previous cultivation tend to have shallower and thinner argillic horizons, which may well impact critical-zone processes involving gas and water fluxes. This study highlights that mineral compositions of deep regolith, saprolite, and shallow soil horizons are dependent on local geomorphology (i.e. watershed- and hillshed-orders). Quantifying soil and regolith compositional trends across the landscape is a prerequisite for determining rates of chemical and physical erosion on human and geologic time scales.

Quantification of mineral assemblages in near-surface Earth materials is a challenge because of the often abundant and highly variable crystalline and chemical nature of discrete clay minerals. Further adding to this challenge is the occurrence of mixed-layer clay minerals, which is complicated because of the numerous possible combinations of clay layer types, as defined by their relative proportions and the ordering schemes. The problem of ensuring accurate quantification is important to understanding landscape evolution because mineral abundances have a large influence on ecosystem function. X-ray diffraction analysis of the variable cation-saturated clay fraction in soil and regolith from the Calhoun Critical Zone observatory near Clinton, South Carolina, USA, was coupled with modeling using NEWMOD2 to show that mixed-layer clays are often dominant components in the mineral assemblages. Deep samples in the profile (>6.5 m) contain mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite, kaolinite/illite-like, kaolinite-vermiculite, illite-like/biotite, and illite-like/vermiculite species (with ‘illite-like’ defined herein as Fe-oxidized 2:1 layer structure with a negative layer charge of ~0.75 per unit formula, i.e. weathered biotite). The 2:1 layers in the mixed-layer structures are proposed to serve as exchange sites for K+, which is known to cycle seasonally between plant biomass and subsurface weathering horizons. Forested landscapes have a greater number of 2:1 layer types than cultivated landscapes. Of two nearby cultivated sites, the one higher in landscape position has fewer 2:1 layer types. Bulk potassium concentrations for the forested and two cultivated sites show the greatest abundances in the surface forested site and lowest abundance in the surface upland cultivated site. These observations suggest that landscape use and landscape position are factors controlling the mixed-layer mineral assemblages in Kanhapludults typical of the S.E. United States Piedmont. These mixed-layer clays are key components of the proposed mechanism for K+ uplift concepts, whereby subsurface cation storage may occur in the interlayer sites (with increased negative 2:1 layer charge) during wetter reduced conditions of the winter season and as biomass decay releases cation nutrients. Cation release from the mixed-layer clays (by decreased 2:1 layer charge) occurs under drier oxidized conditions during the growing seasons as biota utilize cation nutrients. The types and abundances of mixed layers also reflect long-term geologic factors including dissolution/alteration of primary feldspar and biotite and the subsequent transformation and dissolution/precipitation reactions that operate within the soil horizons. Thus, the resulting mixed-layer clay mineral assemblages are often complex and heterogeneous at every depth within a profile and across landscapes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) assessment, using multiple cation saturation state and modeling, is essential for quantifying the clay mineral assemblage and pools for cation nutrients, such as potassium, in the critical zone.

Chemical denudation and chemical weathering rates vary under climatic, bedrock, biotic, and topographic conditions. Constraints for landscape evolution models must consider changes in these factors on human and geologic time scales. Changes in nutrient dynamics, related to the storage and exchange of K+ in clay minerals as a response to land use change, can affect the rates of chemical weathering and denudation. Incorporation of these changes in landscape evolution models can add insight into how land use changes affect soil thickness and erodibility. In order to assess changes in soil clay mineralogy that result from land-use differences, the present study contrasts the clay mineral assemblages in three proximal sites that were managed differently over nearly the past two centuries where contemporary vegetation was dominated by old hardwood forest, old-field pine, and cultivated biomes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the oriented clay fraction using K-, Mg-, and Na-saturation treatments for the air-dried, ethylene glycol (Mg-EG and K-EG) solvated, and heated (100, 350, and 550°C) states were used to characterize the clay mineral assemblages. XRD patterns of degraded biotite (oxidized Fe and expelled charge-compensating interlayer K) exhibited coherent scattering characteristics similar to illite. XRD patterns of the Mg-EG samples were, therefore, accurately modeled using NEWMOD2® software by the use of mineral structure files for discrete illite, vermiculite, kaolinite, mixed-layer kaolinite-smectite, illite-vermiculite, kaolinite-illite, and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. The soil and upper saprolite profiles that formed on a Neoproterozoic gneiss in the Calhoun Experimental Forest in South Carolina, USA, revealed a depth-dependence for the deeply weathered kaolinitic to the shallowly weathered illitic/vermiculitic mineral assemblages that varied in the cultivated, pine, and hardwood sites, respectively. An analysis of archived samples that were collected over a five-decade growth period from the pine site suggests that the content of illite-like layers increased at the surface within 8 y. Historical management of the sites has resulted in different states of dynamic equilibrium, whereby deep rooting at the hardwood and pine sites promotes nutrient uplift of K from the weathering of orthoclase and micas. Differences in the denudation rates at the cultivated, pine, and hardwood sites through time were reflected by changes in the soil clay mineralogy. Specifically, an increased abundance of illite-like layers in the surface soils can serve as a reservoir of K+.

Disturbances are critical for maintaining environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity across landscapes. Hurricanes represent a common disturbance in the Caribbean Sea. These storms are predicted to become more frequent and severe as climate shifts. Understanding how island communities respond to disturbances is critical to their conservation. We surveyed Virgin Islands National Park located on the island of St. John in the Caribbean Sea in 2016 and 2018 to evaluate prolonged herpetofauna community response and resistance to hurricanes. These surveys occurred in March 2016, and June 2018, before and after the 2017 hurricane season, when hurricanes Irma and Maria struck St. John. Using visual encounter surveys, vocalisation surveys, and opportunistic encounters, we surveyed trails within the park through five landscape cover types pre- and post-hurricane. We used linear regression to determine differences in diversity and species richness among landscape cover types and between pre- and post-hurricane surveys and non-metric multidimensional scaling to observe associations among species and landscape cover types pre- and post-hurricane surveys. We determined that there were no significant changes in landscape cover and herpetofauna community associations before and after the 2017 hurricane season, indicating that the herpetofauna communities of Virgin Islands National Park are well adapted to hurricane-related disturbance.

Functional Transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) has been applied to assess peak mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) with a high temporal resolution during cognitive activation. Yet, little attention has been devoted to gender-related alterations of MFV, including spectral analysis. In healthy subjects, fTCD was used to investigate a series of cerebral hemodynamic parameters in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) during the Trail Making Tests (TMT), a means of selective attention and complex cognitive functioning. After the initial peak, there was an MFV decline during complex functioning. Further, in females, we observed a dynamic shift in hemispheric dominance during that condition and there was a frequency peak at 0.375 Hz in both MCA. These novel results suggest condition-specific features of cerebral hemodynamics in females, and it adds to the notion that gender is a fundamental confounder of brain physiology. It is intriguing to speculate whether condition-related alterations of spectral frequencies in females represent a marker of increased vulnerability for psychiatric diseases such as depression.

Very-large-scale motions (VLSMs) and large-scale motions (LSMs) coexist at moderate Reynolds numbers in a very long open channel flow. Direct numerical simulations two-way coupled with inertial particles are analysed using spectral information to investigate the modulation of VLSMs. In the wall-normal direction, particle distributions (mean/preferential concentration) exhibit two distinct behaviours in the inner flow and outer flow, corresponding to two highly anisotropic turbulent structures, LSMs and VLSMs. This results in particle inertia’s non-monotonic effects on the VLSMs: low inertia (based on the inner scale) and high inertia (based on the outer scale) both strengthen the VLSMs, whereas moderate and very high inertia have little influence. Through conditional tests, low- and high-inertia particles enhance VLSMs following two distinct routes. Low-inertia particles promote VLSMs indirectly through the enhancement of the regeneration cycle (the self-sustaining mechanism of LSMs) in the inner region, whereas high-inertia particles enhance the VLSM directly through contribution to the Reynolds shear stress at similar temporal scales in the outer region. This understanding also provides more general insight into inner–outer interaction in high-Reynolds-number, wall-bounded flows.

Two-way coupled direct numerical simulations are used to investigate the effects of inertial particles on self-sustained, turbulent coherent structures (i.e. the so-called regeneration cycle) in plane Couette flow at low Reynolds number just above the onset of transition. Tests show two limiting behaviours with increasing particle inertia, similar to the results from previous linear stability analyses: low-inertia particles trigger the laminar-to-turbulent instability whereas high-inertia particles tend to stabilize turbulence due to the extra dissipation induced by particle–fluid coupling. Furthermore, it is found that the streamwise coupling between phases is the dominant factor in damping of the turbulence and is highly related to the spatial distribution of the particles. The presence of particles in different turbulent coherent structures (large-scale vortices or large-scale streaks) determines the turbulent kinetic energy of particulate phase, which is related to the particle response time scaled by the turnover time of large-scale vortices. By quantitatively investigating the periodic character of the whole regeneration cycle and the phase difference between linked sub-steps, we show that the presence of inertial particles does not alter the periodic nature of the cycle or the relative length of each of the sub-steps. Instead, high-inertia particles greatly weaken the large-scale vortices as well as the streamwise vorticity stretching and lift-up effects, thereby suppressing the fluctuating amplitude of the large-scale streaks. The primary influence of low-inertia particles, however, is to strengthen the large-scale vortices, which fosters the cycle and ultimately reduces the critical Reynolds number.

The building blocks of planets in planet-forming (“protoplanetary”) disks are assembled early in the lifetime of a young star. The gas disks are relatively short-lived, with a half-life of about 3 million years, as chemical reactions modify the reservoir of material from the natal molecular cloud. Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectra of protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars show emission from H2O and absorption from other gases, sometimes consistent with formaldehyde, H2CO , and other times consistent with formic acid, HCOOH, in the 5-7.5 μm region. SOFIA-EXES spectra of YSOs that follow up on these Spitzer-IRS studies are presented. How the gaseous features observed between 5-7.5 μm relate to those at other wavelengths is discussed. This work suggests that water and organic molecules, which are crucial for life as we know it, are present in the habitable zones of stars at a very early age [of 1-3 million years].

Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy combined with SHRIMP ion probe measurements were carried out on detrital zircons from the Cretaceous Weferlingen quartz sand (Germany) to distinguish and characterize different zircon populations.

Investigations by CL microscopy, SEM-CL and BSE imaging show that there are three main types of zircons (general grain sizes of 100–200 µm): (1) apparently weakly zoned, rounded grains with relict cores, (2) well rounded fragments of optically more or less homogeneous zircon grains showing CL zoning predominantly parallel to the z-axis, and (3) idiomorphic to slightly rounded zircon grains typically showing oscillatory euhedral CL zoning. A fourth type of low abundance is characterized by well-rounded grain fragments with an irregular internal structure showing bright yellow CL.

High-resolution CL spectroscopic analyses reveal that blue CL is mainly caused by an intrinsic emission band centered near 430 nm. Dy3+ is the dominant activator element in all zircons, whereas Sm3+, Tb3+, Nd3+ have minor importance. Yellow CL (emission band between 500 and 700 nm) is probably caused by electron defects localized on the [SiO4] groups (e.g. related to oxygen vacancies) or activation by Yb2+ generated by radiation. Variations of the integral SEM-CL intensity are mainly controlled by the intensity of the broad bands and the Dy3+ peaks.

SHRIMP analysis provides in situ high-resolution U-Pb dating of single zircon grains and confirms different ages for the evaluated different zircon types. The measurements show that the U-Pb ages of the zircons from Weferlingen scatter over a wide range (340 to 1750 Ma), backing up earlier conclusions that the quartz sand from Weferlingen is quite heterogeneous in terms of provenance.

Five smithsonite samples from locations in Germany, Mexico and Namibia have been investigated with cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and trace-element analyses. As with other carbonates, the CL properties of smithsonite are mainly controlled by Mn2+- and Fe2+-incorporation, because these elements are the most important activator and quencher species, respectively. Additional trace elements may have either a quenching effect (Cu) or have only small or no influence (Ca, Pb). A linear correlation exists between the Mn content and the intensity of the Mn-emission band in smithsonite, which can be quantified, if the Cl intensity is related to the number of moles of Mn rather than the weight fraction. A correlation between the Cl intensity and the Mn concentration, which is valid for all trigonal carbonates, is obtained from the published results of calcite, dolomite and smithsonite. Matrix effects due to the different chemical composition of the carbonate minerals seem to be of lesser importance.

Using kerf-free wafering technologies material losses in semiconductor manufacturing processes can be reduced drastically. By the use of externally applied stress, crystalline materials can be separated along crystal planes with clearly defined thickness. Nevertheless, during this process striations caused by the crack propagation occur. These crack growth features are river and Wallner lines. In this work, we demonstrate a process for spalling that scales favorably for large-area semiconductor substrates with a diameter up to 300 mm. To get rid of the crack growth features, a laser-conditioning process with a high numerical aperture at photon energies below the material bandgap energy, using multi-photon effects is utilized. The process affords a surface roughness Ra after spalling of <1 µm.

Wetlands are a key archive for paleoclimatic and archeological work, particularly in arid regions, as they provide a focus for human occupation and preserve environmental information. The sedimentary record from 'Ayn Qasiyya, a spring site on the edge of the Azraq Qa, provides a well-dated sequence through the last glacial–interglacial transition (LGIT) allowing environmental changes in the present-day Jordanian desert to be investigated robustly through this time period for the first time. Results show that the wettest period at the site preceded the last glacial maximum, which itself was characterised by marsh formation and a significant Early Epipaleolithic occupation. A sedimentary hiatus between 16 and 10.5 ka suggests a period of drought in the region although seasonal rains and surface waters still allowed seasonal occupation of the Azraq region. Archeological evidence suggests that conditions had improved by the Late Epipaleolithic, about the time of the North Atlantic Younger Dryas. The changes between wet and dry conditions at the site show similarities to patterns in the eastern Mediterranean and in Arabia suggesting the Jordan interior was influenced by changes in both these regions through the LGIT climatic transition.