Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is associated with reduced risk of a number of non-communicable diseases. Research tends to focus on antioxidants, flavonoids and polyphenols contained in FV as the main beneficial components to health; however, increasing FV may also alter overall diet profile. Extra FV may be substituted for foods thought to be less healthy, therefore altering the overall macronutrient and/or micronutrient content in the diet. This analysis merged dietary data from four intervention studies in participants with varying health conditions and examined the effect of increased FV consumption on diet profile. Dietary intake was assessed by either diet diaries or diet histories used in four FV randomised intervention studies. All food and drink intake recorded was analysed using WISP version 3.0, and FV portions were manually counted using household measures. Regression analysis revealed significant increases in intakes of energy (172 kJ (+41 kcal)), carbohydrate (+3·9 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), total sugars (+6·0 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) and fibre (+0·8 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) and significant decreases in intakes of total fat (−1·4 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), SFA (−0·6 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), MUFA (−0·6 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), PUFA (−0·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) and starch (−2·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) per one portion increase in FV. Significant percentage increases were also observed in vitamin C (+24 %) and -carotene (+20 %) intake, per one portion increase in FV. In conclusion, pooled analysis of four FV intervention studies, that used similar approaches to achieving dietary change, in participants with varying health conditions, demonstrated an increase in energy, total carbohydrate, sugars and fibre intake, and a decrease in fat intake alongside an expected increase in micronutrient intake.

The addition of lithium to the tricyclic antidepressant medication of 23 patients with major depression resulted in an increase in the prolactin response to intravenous l-tryptophan after both four days and four weeks of treatment. The extent of this increase did not distinguish the ten patients who were classified as clinical responders (> 50% reduction in score on the HRSD). Among the responders there was a modestly significant correlation between the decrease in score on the HRSD and the enhancement of tryptophan-induced prolactin release. Some responders, however, showed very little change in this endocrine response over the four weeks of lithium treatment. Lithium may increase brain 5-HT function in tricyclic-resistant depression but there is only limited support for the hypothesis that changes in brain 5-HT function are involved in the antidepressant effect of this treatment combination.

1. Pigs, held by undernutrition to a weight of about 5.5 kg till they were a year old, were then rehabilitated on an excellent growing ration, and killed when they were fully mature.

2. Undernutrition of this degree of severity delayed the growth and development of the teeth, but relatively less than that of the body or the jaws.

3. The teeth became abnormally sited and the shape of the mandible changed.

4. During rehabilitation, some of the crowns and most of the roots of the molar teeth failed to reach their proper size.

5. Some of the molar teeth remained permanently impacted and out of alignment.

6. The fine structure of the teeth, particularly of those parts formed during the period of undernutrition, was still abnormal when the animals were killed.

1. Ten pigs which had been undernourished for a year, and weighed about 5.5 kg at that time, were rehabilitated on an excellent dict. They grew fast, but no faster per kg body-weight than normal pigs, and they stopped growing at the same chronological age. Consequently, they did not attain the same adult size as the normally reared pigs.

2. The rehabilitated animals appeared to be fatter than the control animals, but the proportions of muscle to bone in the carcasses of the males and females were within the range to be expected in normal animals of the same fat-free weight, although the castrates may have been somewhat less muscular on this basis.

3. The weights of the organs per kg of fat-free body weight were within the limits found in normally reared animals of the same fat-free weight.

1. Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex poultry attained their full size in about 6 months.

2. When they were held back by undernutrition so that they weighed only about 170g at 6 months of age and were then given unlimited food, they grew—like the normal birds—for about 6 months, i.e. till they were 1 year old, but still they did not attain the same stature as normal birds. 3. The pullets more nearly attained the size of their controls than did the cockerels. 4. On rehabilitation after the period of undernutrition poultry frequently suffered leg weakness which in its extreme form could be diagnosed as perosis. 5. Rehabilitated pullets began to lay large eggs after a comparatively short period of growth and when they were still a small size.

German (1961, 1963) reported that serum from schizophrenic patients, in contrast to that from normal individuals and non-schizophrenic patients, when applied topically to the rat cerebral cortex, increased the amplitude of potentials evoked in the somato-sensory area by stimulation of the contralateral forepaw. Furthermore, similar changes were found when urine extracts were tested in the same manner (German and Kemali, 1963; Kemali, 1964).