Revisions of international classification systems for mental disorders have focused on improving the reliability of diagnostic criteria. However, the uncertain validity of the current diagnostic categories means that they do not always fulfil their key purposes, namely to guide treatment and predict outcomes. This is especially true when traditional diagnostic approaches are applied to adolescents and young adults with emerging illnesses. A clinical staging model, similar to those used in general medicine, could improve diagnosis in psychiatry and aid treatment decision-making, especially if applied to individuals aged about 15–25 years, which is the peak age range for the onset of severe mental disorders. Staging models may offer a new framework for the development of interventions with high benefit and low risk, and for research into neurobiological and psychosocial risk factors. However, this approach is not without controversy: some experts oppose its introduction, some argue that it represents a transdiagnostic model, and some suggest it is only viable if disorder-specific models are used.

Metabolism of 14C-pronamide [N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide, carbonyl- 14C] was studied in silt loam soil (located in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) and in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., ‘Appia′, Clause3) from a crop planted in soil that had been treated before planting. During the experiment, most of the 14C remained in the 0- to 6-cm soil layer. The percentage of 14C-pronamide degraded to 14CO2 during the experiment was less than 10%. The soil-extractable 14C was made up of pronamide and its first ketone metabolite [N-(1,1-dimethylacetonyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide]. About 30% of the pronamide present in the soil was bound to the soil. The bound residue, i.e., the 14C that could not be extracted by acetone, at lettuce harvest was about 80% of the 14C contained in the soil at that time; 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid was the main component of the bound residue. The harvested lettuce also contained pronamide, the ketone, and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid. Similar kinetics of metabolism were observed with lettuces grown on loamy sand soil (located in St. Kathelijne-Waver, Belgium). However, pronamide was not bound to this type of soil.

Although cognitive deficits are common in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), no study to date has investigated whether these deficits extend to the capacity to execute delayed intentions (prospective memory, PM). This is a surprising omission given the critical role PM plays in correctly implementing many important CHF self-care behaviors. The present study aimed to provide the first empirical assessment of PM function in people with CHF. The key dependent measure was a laboratory measure of PM that closely simulates PM tasks in daily life – Virtual Week. A group comparison design was used, with 30 CHF patients compared to 30 demographically matched controls. Background measures assessing executive functions, working memory, and verbal memory were also administered. The CHF group exhibited significant PM impairment, with difficulties generalizing across different types of PM tasks (event, time, regular, irregular). The CHF group also had moderate deficits on several of the background cognitive measures. Given the level of impairment remained consistent even on tasks that imposed minimal demands on memory for task content, CHF-related difficulties most likely reflects problems with the prospective component. However, exploratory analyses suggest that difficulties with retrospective memory and global cognition (but not executive control), also contribute to the PM difficulties seen in this group. The implications of these data are discussed, and in particular, it is argued that problems with PM may help explain why patient engagement in CHF self-care behaviors is often poor. (JINS, 2015, 21, 1–10)

Estimation of the quality of commercial diets is a topic of interest for the majority of dog owners. Recently, in a French consumer association magazine, an evaluation of eight dog commercial dry diets (from super-premium, basic-nutrition, private-label and economy brands) according to several nutritional criteria was published. The aims of the study were: (1) to evaluate the apparent digestibility of these diets; (2) to score these diets according to digestibility results; and (3) to compare these data with the scoring of the magazine. Six adult Beagle dogs were enrolled for the digestibility trials. Diets were scored according to energy, crude protein and crude fat (CF) apparent digestibility coefficients, digestible protein-to-energy ratios and ash content. Each of the five criteria was scored from 4 to 20 points. The ranges of crude protein, CF, crude fibre and ash content were 20·9–30·6 %, 6·8–19·7 %, 2·2–3·3 % and 4·6–9·7 % on a DM basis, respectively. The ranges of energy, crude protein and CF apparent digestibility coefficients were 72·6–87·7 %, 70·4–82·5 % and 76·1–95·4 %, respectively. The range of the protein-to-energy ratio was 10–14 digestible crude protein per MJ metabolisable energy. Little overlap in the scoring systems was found, but the private-label brand and economy brand diets presented the lowest scores in the two systems. These results showed that the evaluation of commercial diets should take into account multiple nutritional aspects. In particular, analytical and biological (digestibility) criteria should be considered as complementary in the evaluation of dry dog commercial diets.

Introduction. Les réactions d’oxydation constatées régulièrement dans les aliments peuvent causer des dommages importants, entraînant parfois des cancers et maladies chroniques. Les extraits d’huiles essentielles étant connus pour posséder d’importantes propriétés thérapeutiques, notre étude a cherché à comparer les activités antiradicalaires et anti-inflammatoires des essences de C. reticulata var. Madagascar et C. sinensis var. Casagrande. Matériel et méthodes. Les huiles essentielles des feuilles d’agrumes ont été extraites par hydrodistillation et leur composition chimique a été analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. La détermination des propriétés antiradicalaires a été faite par la méthode du piégeage des radicaux libres à l’aide du diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). En revanche, la méthode enzymatique par la lipoxygénase a permis d’évaluer l’activité anti-inflammatoire des extraits d’huiles essentielles obtenues par hydrodistillation. Résultats. Les propriétés antiradicalaires de nos échantillons ont été évaluées avec une SC50 égale à (4,10 ± 0,05) g·L–1 et (7,40 ± 0,55) g·L–1, respectivement, pour C. reticulata var. Madagascar et C. sinensis var. Casagrande, alors que le composé antiradicalaire de référence (butylhydroxytoluène ou BHT) donnait une SC50 de (7,02 ± 0,5) mg·L–1. Par ailleurs, les deux échantillons ont montré une activité anti-inflammatoire exploitable (IC50 de 53,5 mg·L–1 et 20,3 mg·L–1, respectivement) même si le NDGA (acide nordihydroguaiarétique) a eu une IC50 de 0,7 mg·L–1. Conclusion. C. reticulata var. Madagascar se révèle avoir une activité antiradicalaire plus importante que C. sinensis var. Casagrande, alors que cette dernière espèce a présenté l’activité anti-inflammatoire la plus marquée. Ces huiles essentielles pourraient être utilisées comme additifs alimentaires.

We investigate the properties of the B-band Tully-Fisher (TF) relation for 25 compact group galaxies, using Vmax derived from 2-D velocity maps. Our main result is that the majority of the Hickson Compact Group (HCG) galaxies lie on the TF relation, although with large scatter. However, 20% of the galaxies, including the lowest-mass systems, seem to have higher B luminosities, for a given mass, or alternatively, a mass which is too low for their luminosities. We favour the scenario of brightening of the outliers due to either enhanced star formation or merging, rather than truncation of the dark halo due to interactions, to explain the position of the outliers on the TF relation.

The detailed study of the internal kinematics of tidal dwarf galaxy (TDG) candidates detected in optical and/or HI observations is most important to address the question about their origins. We are conducting a program to measure the kinematics of TDG candidates in compact groups using a Fabry-Perot instrument which allows us to study the 2-D velocity maps of the objects with high spatial and spectral resolutions. Our main goal is to select TDG candidates which have kinematics independent of the possible parent galaxies. In this paper, we describe our results for Stephan's quintet (SQ) and HCG 31. We find that the dynamical masses of the TDG candidates in SQ range from 108 up to 1010M⊙. Two objects to the E and S of HCG 31 A+C present counterrotating patterns with amplitudes of 30 and 40 km s−1. Region F, which was previously thought to be the best example of TDG presents no rotation.

Introduction. Les extraits d'huiles essentielles possèdent des propriétés antivirales, antibactériennes et antifongiques connues de longues dates. Le travail présenté a donc cherché à évaluer l'effet d'huiles extraites de différentes variétés d'agrumes sur la croissance mycélienne in vitro de Phaeoramularia angolensis, champignon responsable de la phaeoramulariose des Citrus. Matériel et méthodes. Les huiles essentielles extraites par hydrodistillation des péricarpes de fruits de six variétés d'agrumes ont été analysées pour en déterminer la composition chimique et évaluer leur activité antifongique vis-à-vis de P. angolensis. L'activité des extraits a été évaluée in vitro par la technique d'incorporation décrite par Grover et Moore. Les huiles ont été analysées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Résultats. La croissance de P. angolensis a été inhibée par les huiles essentielles à des degrés variés, avec une activité plus prononcée pour les huiles issues de C. latifolia et de C. limon. L'analyse de la composition chimique des huiles testées a montré que les plus actives ont une teneur relativement importante en citrals (néral + géranial $> 5 \%$), ce qui s'accorde avec l'existence de propriétés antifongiques connues chez les citrals. Conclusion. Ces résultats préliminaires sont d'autant plus intéressants que C. limon et C. latifolia sont des variétés réputées peu sensibles à la phaeoramulariose en conditions naturelles. Le rôle probable des huiles essentielles dans la résistance variétale vis-à-vis de P. angolensis est discuté. La poursuite de ces recherches contribuera à une meilleure compréhension des relations hôte-parasite.

We present new observations of Hα emission of the Hickson Compact Group 18 (HCG 18) obtained with a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. The velocity field does not show motions of individual group members but instead a complex common velocity field of H18b, c and d. The gas distribution is very clumpy with blobs coinciding with group members but located also elsewhere. Comparing Hα with H ɪ data we reached the conclusion that HCG 18 seems to be an irregular galaxy containing several clumps of star formation sites.