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27 results

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  • 4 - Dead Ringers: Cardinals and their Effigies, 1400–1520

  • Edited by Piers Baker-Bates, Irene Brooke
  • Book:
    Portrait Cultures of the Early Modern Cardinal
    Published by:
    Amsterdam University Press
    Published online:
    19 October 2021
    Print publication:
    28 August 2021, pp 91-114

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Cardinals’ tomb monuments are ubiquitous among early modern works of art in Rome. They are so common, in fact, that they are generally overlooked in the scholarship. It has been assumed that their effigies are merely non-specific representations of powerful men, not portraits of particular individuals. This essay explores the problem of portrait likeness in cardinals’ tomb effigies in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries and argues that they represent an important category of early modern portraiture.

    Keywords: tomb monuments; effigies; funerals; death masks; catafalques; Verisimilitude

    Cardinals’ tomb monuments in Rome form the most ubiquitous group of their portraits. From the fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth century these architectural memorials customarily include an effigy – a full-scale sculpted representation of the cardinal whose tomb it is – lying in state in full choir dress on his bier, just as his body might have been displayed during the long series of funeral liturgies and orations that marked his transition to the next life. Or, at least, that is what we assume these portraits to be. This essay will explore what cardinals’ tomb effigies represent and ask to what extent they can be considered portraits at all. The unique group of portraits included in memorial art raises important questions about the definition of portraiture in the early modern period, in particular in relation to realism or ‘lifelikeness’, and points more to the significance of cardinals as a political and social group than to their individual appearance.

    Effigie

    Cardinals – and indeed popes – were subject to conventions and strict controls that dictated every detail of their deaths, from the preparation of the last will and testament to the completion of any permanent monument. An important premise of this group of sculpted ‘portraits’ is the interchangeability of the conventions for the preparation for death and burial of popes and cardinals. Agostino Paravicini-Bagliani, for example, points specifically to the fact that the unique ceremonials and funerary customs concerning the death and burial of cardinals were a relatively late development, dating to the end of the Avignon papacy. By the early sixteenth century, specific aspects such as the novena, or nine days of masses, were reserved only for popes and cardinals, setting them apart from all other levels of society, secular or ecclesiastic.

  • Surgical Team Stability and Risk of Sharps-Related Blood and Body Fluid Exposures During Surgical Procedures

  • Douglas J. Myers, Hester J. Lipscomb, Carol Epling, Debra Hunt, William Richardson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, John M. Dement
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 37 / Issue 5 / May 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 February 2016, pp. 512-518
    Print publication:
    May 2016
  • OBJECTIVE

    To explore whether surgical teams with greater stability among their members (ie, members have worked together more in the past) experience lower rates of sharps-related percutaneous blood and body fluid exposures (BBFE) during surgical procedures.

    DESIGN

    A 10-year retrospective cohort study.

    SETTING

    A single large academic teaching hospital.

    PARTICIPANTS

    Surgical teams participating in surgical procedures (n=333,073) performed during 2001–2010 and 2,113 reported percutaneous BBFE were analyzed.

    METHODS

    A social network measure (referred to as the team stability index) was used to quantify the extent to which surgical team members worked together in the previous 6 months. Poisson regression was used to examine the effect of team stability on the risk of BBFE while controlling for procedure characteristics and accounting for procedure duration. Separate regression models were generated for percutaneous BBFE involving suture needles and those involving other surgical devices.

    RESULTS

    The team stability index was associated with the risk of percutaneous BBFE (adjusted rate ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88–0.97]). However, the association was stronger for percutaneous BBFE involving devices other than suture needles (adjusted rate ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85–0.99]) than for exposures involving suture needles (0.96 [0.88–1.04]).

    CONCLUSIONS

    Greater team stability may reduce the risk of percutaneous BBFE during surgical procedures, particularly for exposures involving devices other than suture needles. Additional research should be conducted on the basis of primary data gathered specifically to measure qualities of relationships among surgical team personnel.

    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:512–518

  • Surgical Procedure Characteristics and Risk of Sharps-Related Blood and Body Fluid Exposure

  • Douglas J. Myers, Hester J. Lipscomb, Carol Epling, Debra Hunt, William Richardson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, John M. Dement
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / January 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 October 2015, pp. 80-87
    Print publication:
    January 2016
  • OBJECTIVE

    To use a unique multicomponent administrative data set assembled at a large academic teaching hospital to examine the risk of percutaneous blood and body fluid (BBF) exposures occurring in operating rooms.

    DESIGN

    A 10-year retrospective cohort design.

    SETTING

    A single large academic teaching hospital.

    PARTICIPANTS

    All surgical procedures (n=333,073) performed in 2001–2010 as well as 2,113 reported BBF exposures were analyzed.

    METHODS

    Crude exposure rates were calculated; Poisson regression was used to analyze risk factors and account for procedure duration. BBF exposures involving suture needles were examined separately from those involving other device types to examine possible differences in risk factors.

    RESULTS

    The overall rate of reported BBF exposures was 6.3 per 1,000 surgical procedures (2.9 per 1,000 surgical hours). BBF exposure rates increased with estimated patient blood loss (17.7 exposures per 1,000 procedures with 501–1,000 cc blood loss and 26.4 exposures per 1,000 procedures with >1,000 cc blood loss), number of personnel working in the surgical field during the procedure (34.4 exposures per 1,000 procedures having ≥15 personnel ever in the field), and procedure duration (14.3 exposures per 1,000 procedures lasting 4 to <6 hours, 27.1 exposures per 1,000 procedures lasting ≥6 hours). Regression results showed associations were generally stronger for suture needle–related exposures.

    CONCLUSIONS

    Results largely support other studies found in the literature. However, additional research should investigate differences in risk factors for BBF exposures associated with suture needles and those associated with all other device types.

    Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;37(1):80–87

Old Saint Peter's, Rome
  • Edited by Rosamond McKitterick, John Osborne, Carol M. Richardson, Joanna Story
  • Published online:
    18 December 2013
    Print publication:
    07 November 2013
  • St Peter's Basilica in Rome is arguably the most important church in Western Christendom, and is among the most significant buildings anywhere in the world. However, the church that is visible today is a youthful upstart, only four hundred years old compared to the twelve-hundred-year-old church whose site it occupies. A very small proportion of the original is now extant, entirely covered over by the new basilica, but enough survives to make reconstruction of the first St Peter's possible and much new evidence has been uncovered in the past thirty years. This is the first full study of the older church, from its late antique construction to Renaissance destruction, in its historical context. An international team of historians, art historians, archaeologists and liturgists explores aspects of the basilica's history, from its physical fabric to the activities that took place within its walls and its relationship with the city of Rome.

  • Appendix - Letter of the canons of Saint Peter's to Paul V concerning the demolition of the old basilica, 1605

  • Edited by Rosamond McKitterick, University of Cambridge, John Osborne, Carleton University, Ottawa, Carol M. Richardson, University of Edinburgh, Joanna Story, University of Leicester
  • Book:
    Old Saint Peter's, Rome
    Published online:
    18 December 2013
    Print publication:
    07 November 2013, pp 404-415

  • Summary

    Liturgical practices were not strictly uniform from one community to another, but there was a tendency to view Saint Peter's as the model, and it was at Saint Peter's that some important features of the familiar Roman liturgy took shape. For the eighth-century office celebrated by the monasteries serving Saint Peter's, the evidence is focused largely on the cycles of readings during the night office of Matins. The fourfold liturgical year, centred on Saint Peter's, seems to underlie the arrangement of readings in OR XIV, OR XVI and OR XIVB, representing the period when the great Roman basilicas were staffed by monastic communities, and when Saint Peter's seems to have been something of a model for the other churches of the city. The liturgical leadership seems to have been shifting away from the Vatican basilica, toward the person of the pope himself, whose cathedra or chair was at the Lateran.

  • Bibliography

  • Edited by Rosamond McKitterick, University of Cambridge, John Osborne, Carleton University, Ottawa, Carol M. Richardson, University of Edinburgh, Joanna Story, University of Leicester
  • Book:
    Old Saint Peter's, Rome
    Published online:
    18 December 2013
    Print publication:
    07 November 2013, pp 416-466

  • Summary

    Though the new Eastern feast of the Annunciation was adopted in the Latin West in the course of late seventh century, only one basilica developed in its liturgy a theological rationale for the new feast. The basilica was Saint Peter's on the Vatican. The liturgy of Saint Peter's on the Vatican was in the care of monks of Saint Martin. In Alfarano's plan, the chapel of the monastery is marked: just outside the western end of the basilica, slightly to the south of the apse. The author's example of how the liturgy at Saint Peter's looked out to a wider world beyond Rome is the celebration of All Saints in the chapel in front of the martyrium of Saint Peter, to the south side of the nave, in parte virorum. Saint Peter was chief of the apostles, who had been told by Christ to 'go therefore, teach ye all nations'.

  • 17 - Saint Peter's in the fifteenth century

  • Edited by Rosamond McKitterick, University of Cambridge, John Osborne, Carleton University, Ottawa, Carol M. Richardson, University of Edinburgh, Joanna Story, University of Leicester
  • Book:
    Old Saint Peter's, Rome
    Published online:
    18 December 2013
    Print publication:
    07 November 2013, pp 324-347

  • Summary

    Many late antique and medieval sources show that the Early Christian basilica of Saint Peter's had a baptistery, but it has left no physical traces. Early descriptions of the location of this inscription are particularly interesting. Until the fifteenth century, the inscription was not inside the basilica but outside, fixed on the external wall near the hillside. The idea that the baptistery of Saint Peter's was monumental and independent was developed some time ago by Gillian Mackie. Many observations seem to indicate that the baptistery of Saint Peter's was a monumental one. It remains certain that the place of the Vatican baptistery must be associated with the north transept where it was described from the sixth-century Gesta Liberii to Alfarano a thousand years later, but the exact place indicated on Alfarano's plan was probably only the vestibule of an external independent and monumental baptistery.

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