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  • 16 - Partnerships to Achieve Impact
  • Edited by Bruce Campbell, Clim-Eat, Global Center on Adaptation, University of Copenhagen, Philip Thornton, Clim-Eat, International Livestock Research Institute, Ana Maria Loboguerrero, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and Bioversity International, Dhanush Dinesh, Clim-Eat, Andreea Nowak, Bioversity International
  • Book: Transforming Food Systems Under Climate Change through Innovation
  • Published online: 19 January 2023
  • Print publication: 19 January 2023, pp 185-196
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  • View extract

    Summary

    Partnerships are crucial for fostering change in society, particularly in the solving of complex problems such as climate change. They are particularly important for researchers interested in societal change, given that research in the strictest sense is only about knowledge generation. Given partnerships are crucial for outcome-focused research, the selection of diverse strategic partners is key and must be guided by theories of change. Complementary visions are important but do not always need to be tightly structured. From farmers and producer groups to international agencies, multi-level partnerships help promote action at different levels. Collaborative arrangements are important but can be informal and flexible; many successful longer-term partnerships are deep and trustful at their core, often with informal relationships.

  • Imagery-enhanced v. verbally-based group cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized clinical trial
  • Peter M. McEvoy, Matthew P. Hyett, Samantha R. Bank, David M. Erceg-Hurn, Andrew R. Johnson, Michael J. Kyron, Lisa M. Saulsman, Michelle L. Moulds, Jessica R. Grisham, Emily A. Holmes, David A. Moscovitch, Ottmar V. Lipp, Bruce N. C. Campbell, Ronald M. Rapee
  • Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 7 / May 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 September 2020, pp. 1277-1286
  • Print publication: May 2022
  • View abstract
    Background

    Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is effective for most patients with a social anxiety disorder (SAD) but a substantial proportion fails to remit. Experimental and clinical research suggests that enhancing CBT using imagery-based techniques could improve outcomes. It was hypothesized that imagery-enhanced CBT (IE-CBT) would be superior to verbally-based CBT (VB-CBT) on pre-registered outcomes.

    Methods

    A randomized controlled trial of IE-CBT v. VB-CBT for social anxiety was completed in a community mental health clinic setting. Participants were randomized to IE (n = 53) or VB (n = 54) CBT, with 1-month (primary end point) and 6-month follow-up assessments. Participants completed 12, 2-hour, weekly sessions of IE-CBT or VB-CBT plus 1-month follow-up.

    Results

    Intention to treat analyses showed very large within-treatment effect sizes on the social interaction anxiety at all time points (ds = 2.09–2.62), with no between-treatment differences on this outcome or clinician-rated severity [1-month OR = 1.45 (0.45, 4.62), p = 0.53; 6-month OR = 1.31 (0.42, 4.08), p = 0.65], SAD remission (1-month: IE = 61.04%, VB = 55.09%, p = 0.59); 6-month: IE = 58.73%, VB = 61.89%, p = 0.77), or secondary outcomes. Three adverse events were noted (substance abuse, n = 1 in IE-CBT; temporary increase in suicide risk, n = 1 in each condition, with one being withdrawn at 1-month follow-up).

    Conclusions

    Group IE-CBT and VB-CBT were safe and there were no significant differences in outcomes. Both treatments were associated with very large within-group effect sizes and the majority of patients remitted following treatment.

  • 18 - Targeting Research towards Achieving Food Security in an Era of Climate Change
  • from Part VI - Future Earth and Food Security
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book: Global Change and Future Earth
  • Published online: 22 October 2018
  • Print publication: 18 October 2018, pp 239-246
  • View extract

    Summary

    The concept of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) was developed to tackle three of the greatest challenges of our time: food security, climate change adaptation and reducing emissions. Key research thrusts that need to be strengthened include (1) developing foresight and scenario building in terms of climate change and future development pathways; (2) producing and extending stress-tolerant breeds/varieties and practices, with low emissions; (3) improving and delivering seasonal forecasts and advisories; (4) building safety nets because of the inevitability of extreme events, e.g., index-based insurance and productive social safety nets, where assets are built to mitigate extreme events; (5) Devoting more attention to social differentiation and therefore better targeting of solutions; and (6) working on the barriers to technological uptake and policy change. We also argue that research itself needs to change in order to deliver rapid solutions, and we offer ten principles for effective Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D).
  • GLOBAL CLIMATES, THE 1257 MEGA-ERUPTION OF SAMALAS VOLCANO, INDONESIA, AND THE ENGLISH FOOD CRISIS OF 1258*
  • Bruce M. S. Campbell
  • Journal: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society / Volume 27 / December 2017
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 November 2017, pp. 87-121
  • Print publication: December 2017
  • View abstract

    In 1258, as baronial opposition to Henry III erupted and the government became locked in constitutional conflict, the country found itself in the grip of a serious food crisis. To blame was a run of bad weather and failed harvests. Thousands of famished famine refugees flocked to London in quest of food and charity, where many of them perished and were buried in mass graves. The multiple burials recently discovered and excavated in the cemetery of the hospital of St Mary Spital highlight the plight of the poor at this time of political turmoil. Was their fate part of a global catastrophe precipitated by the VEI7 explosion of Samalas Volcano, Indonesia, the previous year or was powerful solar forcing of global climates responsible for the unusually unstable weather? The answer depends in large measure upon establishing the precise chronology of how the crisis unfolded, drawing upon the surviving documentary record of prices and harvests, the comments of contemporary chroniclers and a range of high-resolution palaeo-climatic proxies. Reexamination of this episode illustrates the potential of environmental history to shed fresh light on familiar historical events and its capacity to place them in a global environmental context.

  • Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Middle Pleistocene (Ensenadan) Tarija Formation of Southern Bolivia
  • Bruce J. MacFadden, Oscar Siles, Peter Zeitler, Noye M. Johnson, Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr.
  • Journal: Quaternary Research / Volume 19 / Issue 2 / March 1983
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017, pp. 172-187
  • View abstract

    The Tarija Formation of southern Bolivia, which is well known for its classic vertebrate faunas, is of prime importance in understanding of the chronology of the Ensenadan Land Mammal Age. This formation consists of well-exposed and relatively fossiliferous sections of clays, clayey silts, sands, gravels, and tuffs which were deposited in a predominately fluviatile regime in a Pleistocene structural basin. Four stratigraphic sections, each measuring 110 m or less, were studied to establish a magnetic polarity stratigraphy. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from the finer-grained sediments at 100 sites spaced at stratigraphic intervals of 5 m or less. All paleomagnetic specimens were demagnetized in alternating fields of least 250 oersteds (oe). Some specimens were also thermally demagnetized at 200°C or more. Of the 100 sites, 77 were ultimately used to determine the magnetic polarity zonation. Based on the four sections sampled, the Tarija Formation spans a time interval from about 1 my to about 0.7 my B.P. or perhaps younger. The lower half of the composite section is of reversed polarity punctuated by a short normal event. This sequence probably represents the late Matuyama chron with the Jaramillo subchron. The upper part of the section is of normal polarity and represents early Brunhes time. A tuffaceous unit 43 m above the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary yielded a fission track (zircon) age of 0.7 ± 0.2 by B.P. These data indicate that the classic Tarija fauna is middle Pleistocene Ensendan in age.

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