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7 results

  • 31 - Attitudes and Persuasive Communication Interventions

  • from Part III - Behavior Change Interventions: Practical Guides to Behavior Change
  • Edited by Martin S. Hagger, Linda D. Cameron, Kyra Hamilton, Griffith University, Nelli Hankonen, University of Helsinki, Taru Lintunen, University of Jyväskylä
  • Book:
    The Handbook of Behavior Change
    Published online:
    04 July 2020
    Print publication:
    23 July 2020, pp 445-460

  • Summary

    Attitudes are people’s stored evaluations of entities (e.g., behaviors, people, ideas, objects). Attitudes are interesting from a behavior change perspective, given theory and research suggesting that attitudes guide behavior; thus, changing attitudes may be an effective means to change behavior. This chapter provides an overview of the attitude change literature and interventions targeting attitude change in order to change behavior. The chapter also provides example materials used in attitude-based behavior change interventions across a broad range of behaviors. First, the chapter provides an overview of the conceptualization and measurement of attitudes and the psychological theories that have been employed to explain how attitude change occurs. Next, research evidence of various attitude change techniques is reviewed, including information provision, communication-persuasion, and cognitive dissonance approaches. In addition, step-by-step instructions for select attitude change techniques are provided as templates for interventionists to formulate effective attitude change interventions. The chapter also provides a range of evidence-based materials that can be delivered in a variety of delivery modes (e.g., face-to-face, online, mass media). Finally, a review of the evidence on the effective implementation of these techniques is presented. The chapter concludes with a summary of the attitude change literature and presents some challenges and future directions in moving the attitude research forward.

  • Chapter twenty-six - Meta-Analysis of Research in Social and Personality Psychology

  • from Part three - Data Analytic Strategies
  • Edited by Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado Boulder
  • Book:
    Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2014
    Print publication:
    24 February 2014, pp 677-710

  • Summary

    This chapter introduces the use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) modeling, particularly as each is used to evaluate measurement invariance of assessment devices. It covers CFA, which is a special case of the common factor model. The chapter discusses basic ideas with regard to model specification and evaluation. It explains how measurement invariance is pursued in CFA models. The chapter also discusses the parallel issues with regard to IRT models, including both basic forms of IRT model and the study of measurement invariance within such models. It provides illustrations of analyses with empirical data to demonstrate how to fit such models and evaluate results. While good introductory presentations are available for both CFA and IRT, the authors look forward to the increased use of the two techniques for investigating measurement invariance and improving the nature of measurements used in psychological sciences.

  • Comparative rates of emergence and leaf appearance in wild oats (Avena fatua), winter barley (Hordeum sativum) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

  • R. D. Cousens, M. P. Johnson, S. E. Weaver, T. D. Martin, A. M. Blair
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 118 / Issue 2 / April 1992
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 March 2009, pp. 149-156

  • Winter barley cv. Igri, winter wheat cv. Avalon and spring wild oats (Avena fatua) were studied in monocultures in pots and in the field. The field experiments were located near Bristol and Bury St Edmunds in 1988/89. Pot sowings were monthly, whereas there was a single sowing date for each of the two field locations. Base temperatures for emergence in pots were 2·2, 1·3 and 2·3 °C for barley, wheat and A. fatua respectively. Barley was consistently the fastest to emerge. Leaf number was strongly correlated with photothermal time from emergence, with barley producing leaves at the greatest rate. Base temperatures for leaf appearance were −6, −5 and −3 °C for barley, wheat and A. fatua respectively. The field studies confirmed the ranking of the species based on the pot experiments. Both a model based on photothermal time and one based on rate of change of daylength at emergence gave good descriptions of the data. It is argued that correlations of rates of development with individual environmental variables are not sufficient to deduce the underlying mechanisms.

  • Is Surgery a Risk Factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease? Outcome Variation by Control Choice and Exposure Assessments

  • Jed A. Barash, Blair T. Johnson, David I. Gregorio
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / March 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2015, pp. 212-218
    Print publication:
    March 2008
  • Objective.

    To determine whether methodological differences explain divergent results in case-control studies examining surgery as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).

    Methods.

    After case-control studies were systematically identified using PubMed, we performed a homogeneity analysis and applied models to effect sizes (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]) using 2 parameters: type of control subject used and consistency of data ascertainment. The hospitals and communities were located in Europe, Japan, and Australia. Patients were CJD case subjects and age- and sex-matched control subjects in the hospital or community. Because of the natural history of the disease, CJD subjects are not considered reliable sources of information for these studies. Therefore, individuals who are considered close to the subjects and who have knowledge of their medical history, including spouses and relatives, are necessarily identified as proxy informants for the surgical record of the case subjects.

    Results.

    Overall, the effect sizes lacked homogeneity (P<.0001). Three studies that used control subjects from the community revealed a significantly elevated risk of CJD for patients who underwent surgery (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.41-2.35 [P<.0001 ]), whereas 3 investigations that used control subjects from the hospital revealed a significantly reduced risk (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.90 [P = .0069]). Two studies that used proxy informants to acquire information about case subjects and control subjects (consistent ascertainment) found that the risk of CJD was significantly lower in those subjects who underwent surgery (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48-0.87 [P = .0043]). Conversely, 4 studies in which proxy informants acted only on behalf of case subjects (inconsistent data ascertainment) found a significant positive association between surgery and CJD (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.32-2.12 [P<.0001 ]). Both models fit the data very well, leaving no remaining variance in effect sizes to explain.

    Conclusion.

    Variation in the type of control subjects used and in exposure assessment in case-control studies may partially explain conflicting data regarding the association between surgery and CJD. However, there was almost complete confounding of these 2 parameters, making interpretation more difficult. Planning of future investigations must carefully consider these design elements.