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12 results

  • Red Supergiants as Chemical Abundance Probes: The Local Group dwarf NGC6822

  • Lee R. Patrick, Chris J. Evans, Ben Davies, Rolf-Peter Kudritzki, Maria Bergemann, Annette N. M. Ferguson
  • Journal:
    Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 14 / Issue S344 / August 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 October 2019, pp. 213-216
    Print publication:
    August 2018
    • Article
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  • Red Supergiant Stars (RSGs) are important probes of stellar and chemical evolution in star-forming environments. They represent the brightest near-IR stellar components of external galaxies and probe the most recent stellar population to provide robust, independent abundance estimates. The Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy, NGC6822, is a reasonably isolated galaxy with an interesting structure and turbulent history. Using RSGs as chemical abundance probes, we estimate metallicities in the central region of NGC6822, finding a suggestion of a metallicity gradient (in broad agreement with nebular tracers), however, this requires further study for confirmation. With intermediate resolution Multi-object spectroscopy (from e.g. KMOS, EMIR, MOSFIRE) combined with state-of-the-art stellar model atmospheres, we demonstrate how RSGs can be used to estimate stellar abundances in external galaxies. In this context, we compare stellar and nebular abundance tracers in NGC 6822 and by combining stellar and nebular tracers we estimate an abundance gradient of −0.18 ± 0.05 dex/kpc.

  • Assessment of Time to Clinical Response in Patients with Sepsis Treated Before and After Implementation of a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Blood Culture Identification Algorithm

  • Joseph J. Carreno, Ben M. Lomaestro, Apryl L. Jacobs, Rachel E. Meyer, Ann Evans, Clemente I. Montero
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 37 / Issue 8 / August 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 June 2016, pp. 916-923
    Print publication:
    August 2016
  • OBJECTIVE

    To evaluate time to clinical response before and after implementation of rapid blood culture identification technologies.

    DESIGN

    Before-and-after trial.

    SETTING

    Large, tertiary, urban, academic health-sciences center.

    PATIENTS

    Patients >18 years old with sepsis and concurrent bacteremia or fungemia were included in the study; patients who were pregnant, had polymicrobial septicemia, or were transferred from an outside hospital were excluded.

    INTERVENTION

    Prior to the intervention, polymerase chain reaction was used to identify Staphylococcus species from positive blood cultures, and traditional laboratory techniques were used to identify non-staphylococcal species. After the intervention, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) assay and FilmArray were also used to identify additional species. During both periods, the antimicrobial stewardship team provided prospective audit and feedback for all patients on antibiotics.

    RESULTS

    A total of 219 patients were enrolled in the study: 115 patients prior to the intervention and 104 after the intervention. The median time to clinical response was statistically significantly shorter in the postintervention group than in the preintervention group (2 days vs 4 days, respectively; P=.002). By Cox regression, the implementation of MALDI-TOF and FilmArray was associated with shorter time to clinical response (hazard ratio [HR], 1.360; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.018–1.816). After controlling for potential confounders, the study group was not independently associated with clinical response (adjusted HR, 1.279; 95% CI, 0.955–1.713). Mortality was numerically, but not statistically significantly, lower in the postintervention group than in the preintervention group (7.6% vs 11.4%; P=.342).

    CONCLUSIONS

    In the setting of an existing antimicrobial stewardship program, implementation of MALDI-TOF and FilmArray was associated with improved time to clinical response. Further research is needed to fully describe the effect of antimicrobial stewardship programs on time to clinical response.

    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:916–923

  • 5 - Indonesia's protected areas need more protection: suggestions from island examples

  • from Part I - Conservation needs and priorities
    • By David Bickford, University of Texas Austin, Texas, 78712, USA., Jatna Supriatna, Conservation International – Indonesia JI. Pejaten Barat 16 A Kemang, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia, Noviar Andayani, Wildlife Covservation Society – Indonesia Program J1. Pangrango No. 8, Bogor, Indonesia, Djoko Iskandar, School of life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung Labtek XI Building 10, Jalan Ganesa; Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Ben J. Evans, Biology Department, McMaster University Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada, Rafe M. Brown, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas Austin, Texas, 78712, USA, Ted Townsend, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas Austin, Texas, 78712, USA, Umilaela, Institut teknologi bandung Labtek XI Building 10, Jalan Ganesa; Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Deidy Azhari, Jimmy A. McGuire, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California, CA 94720–3020, USA
  • Edited by Navjot S. Sodhi, National University of Singapore, Greg Acciaioli, National University of Singapore, Maribeth Erb, National University of Singapore, Alan Khee-Jin Tan, National University of Singapore
  • Book:
    Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas
    Published online:
    12 November 2009
    Print publication:
    22 November 2007, pp 53-77

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Intact, biodiverse ecosystems provide invaluable life-support services, raw natural resources, and cultural necessities ranging from recreational to spiritual. Moreover, they are literally economically priceless (Costanza et al. 1997). It is widely appreciated that ‘biodiversity is good’ and that ultimately, human well-being and persistence will depend on our ability to preserve it for future generations.

    Biodiverse ecosystems, however, are not evenly distributed on our planet – they are patchy and concentrated in tropical regions (Myers et al. 2000). Likewise, costs and benefits of conserving biodiversity are not evenly distributed (Balmford et al. 2003). Our ability to conserve biological diversity is constrained by global trends of exploitation, pollution and habitat loss – all increasing because of human-population growth. Unfortunately, areas of accelerating human population growth overlap many areas of highest biodiversity where resources to protect this diversity are fewest (Cincotta et al. 2000) and land-conversion pressures greatest. As human populations continue to expand, we are faced with even more pressing needs to conserve and protect diverse ecosystems.

    Protected areas: theory meets reality

    Protected areas are, by definition, designed to protect biological diversity from threats to its continued existence. They are the cornerstone of most biodiversity efforts because species need habitats and they might be the best way to ensure the long-term conservation of biodiversity (du Toit et al. 2004). Unfortunately, many protected areas are only ‘paper parks’ that are not only highly degraded, but also the target of continuing exploitation (Curran et al. 2004).