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8 results

  • Generalised joint hypermobility and neurodevelopmental traits in a non-clinical adult population
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  • Martin Glans, Susanne Bejerot, Mats B. Humble
  • Journal: BJPsych Open / Volume 3 / Issue 5 / September 2017
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 236-242
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    Background

    Generalised joint hypermobility (GJH) is reportedly overrepresented among clinical cases of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). It is unknown if these associations are dimensional and, therefore, also relevant among non-clinical populations.

    Aims

    To investigate if GJH correlates with sub-syndromal neurodevelopmental symptoms in a normal population.

    Method

    Hakim-Grahame's 5-part questionnaire (5PQ) on GJH, neuropsychiatric screening scales measuring ADHD and ASD traits, and a DCD-related question concerning clumsiness were distributed to a non-clinical, adult, Swedish population (n=1039).

    Results

    In total, 887 individuals met our entry criteria. We found no associations between GJH and sub-syndromal symptoms of ADHD, ASD or DCD.

    Conclusions

    Although GJH is overrepresented in clinical cases with neurodevelopmental disorders, such an association seems absent in a normal population. Thus, if GJH serves as a biomarker cutting across diagnostic boundaries, this association is presumably limited to clinical populations.

  • The extreme male brain revisited: gender coherence in adults with autism spectrum disorder
  • Susanne Bejerot, Jonna M. Eriksson, Sabina Bonde, Kjell Carlström, Mats B. Humble, Elias Eriksson
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 201 / Issue 2 / August 2012
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 116-123
  • Print publication: August 2012
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    Background

    The ‘extreme male brain’ theory suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an extreme variant of male intelligence. However, somewhat paradoxically, many individuals with ASD display androgynous physical features regardless of gender.

    Aims

    To assess physical measures, supposedly related to androgen influence, in adults with and without ASD.

    Method

    Serum hormone levels, anthropometry, the ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length (2D:4D) and psychiatric symptomatology were measured in 50 adults with high-functioning ASD and age- and gender-matched neurotypical controls. Photographs of face and body, as well as voice recordings, were obtained and assessed with respect to gender coherence, blindly and independently, by eight assessors.

    Results

    Women with ASD had higher total and bioactive testosterone levels, less feminine facial features and a larger head circumference than female controls. Men in the ASD group were assessed as having less masculine body characteristics and voice quality, and displayed higher (i.e. less masculine) 2D:4D ratios, but similar testosterone levels to controls. Androgynous facial features correlated strongly and positively with autistic traits measured with the Autism-Spectrum Quotient in the total sample. In males and females with ASD dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate did not decrease with age, in contrast to the control group.

    Conclusions

    Women with ASD had elevated testosterone levels and several masculinised characteristics compared with controls, whereas men with ASD displayed several feminised characteristics. Our findings suggest that ASD, rather than being characterised by masculinisation in both genders, may constitute a gender defiant disorder.

  • The Effects of Twins, Parity and Age at First Birth on Cancer Risk in Swedish Women
  • Rachel E. Neale, Steven Darlington, Michael F. G. Murphy, Paul B. S. Silcocks, David M. Purdie, Mats Talbäck
  • Journal: Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 8 / Issue 2 / 01 April 2005
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 February 2012, pp. 156-162
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    The effect of reproductive history on the risk of cervical, colorectal and thyroid cancers and melanoma has been explored but the results to date are inconsistent. We aimed to examine in a record- linkage cohort study the risk of developing these cancers, as well as breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers, among mothers who had given birth to twins compared with those who had only singleton pregnancies. Women who delivered a baby in Sweden between 1961 and 1996 and who were 15 years or younger in 1961 were selected from the Swedish civil birth register and linked with the Swedish cancer registry. We used Poisson regression to assess associations between reproductive factors and cancer. Twinning was associated with reduced risks of breast, colorectal, ovarian and uterine cancers, although no relative risks were statistically significant. The delivery of twins did not increase the risk of any cancers studied. Increasing numbers of maternities were associated with significantly reduced risks of all tumors except thyroid cancer. We found positive associations between a later age at first birth and breast cancer and melanoma, while there were inverse associations with cervix, ovarian, uterine and colorectal cancers. These findings lend weight to the hypothesis that hormonal factors influence the etiology of colorectal cancer in women, but argue against any strong effect of hormones on the development of melanoma or tumors of the thyroid.

  • High resolution limb images synthesized from 3D MHD simulations
  • Mats Carlsson, Robert F. Stein, Åke Nordlund, Göran B. Scharmer
  • Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 2004 / Issue IAUS223 / June 2004
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2005, pp. 233-234
  • Print publication: June 2004
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    We present the first center-to-limb G-band images synthesized from high resolution simulations of solar magneto-convection. Towards the limb the simulations show “hilly” granulation with dark bands on the far side, bright granulation walls and striated faculae, similar to observations. At disk center G-band bright points are flanked by dark lanes. The increased brightness in magnetic elements is due to their lower density compared with the surrounding intergranular medium. One thus sees deeper layers where the temperature is higher. At a given geometric height, the magnetic elements are cooler than the surrounding medium. In the G-band, the contrast is further increased by the destruction of CH in the low density magnetic elements. The optical depth unity surface is very corrugated. Bright granules have their continuum optical depth unity 80 km above the mean surface, the magnetic elements 200-300 km below. The horizontal temperature gradient is especially large next to flux concentrations. When viewed at an angle, the deep magnetic elements optical surface is hidden by the granules and the bright points are no longer visible, except where the “magnetic valleys” are aligned with the line of sight. Towards the limb, the low density in the strong magnetic elements causes unit line-of-sight optical depth to occur deeper in the granule walls behind than for rays not going through magnetic elements and variations in the field strength produce a striated appearance in the bright granule walls.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

  • Soil erosion, iron smelting and human settlement in the Haubi Basin, north-central Tanzania
  • Paul Lane, Bertram B. B. Mapunda, Mats Eriksson
  • Journal: Antiquity / Volume 75 / Issue 290 / December 2001
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2015, pp. 803-804
  • Print publication: December 2001
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    The Haubi Basin, situated in the Irangi Hills of Kondoa District, Dodoma Region, Tanzania (FIGURE 1), exhibits some of the most extreme examples of erosion and associated sedimentation in the region (Christiansson 1981; Payton et al. 1992) (FIGLIRE 2). The severity of the problem, with its consequent loss of productive land, has been known since the beginning of the 20th century (Kannenberg 1900; Obst 1915). Recognition of the extent and severity of the issues encouraged the British colonial government to introduce a variety of measures aimed at soil conservation in the 1930s (Fosbrooke 1950). These included the construction of check-dams, contour bunds and contour planting with sisal. After independence, a second programme of soil conservation measures was launched. These were initially similar to those employed under colonialism, but later included de-stocking, resulting in the removal of some 90,000 livestock from the most severely eroded areas. As in the colonial period, recent overexploitation of land resources by local populations was regarded as the primary explanation for the continuing soil erosion.