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30 results

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  • Do Pluripotent Stem Cells Offer a New Path to Reproduction?
  • Audrey R. Chapman
  • Journal: American Journal of Law & Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 2-3 / July 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 January 2023, pp. 256-265
  • Print publication: July 2022
  • View abstract

    The ability of pluripotent stem to develop into any of the cell types in the human body has meant that it was only a matter of time before scientists would try to transform them into human gametes. Up to now though it has not been possible to do so. Nevertheless a 2016 book written by Henry Greely speculated that in twenty to forty years most people in developed countries will cease reproduction through sex, using sex exclusively for pleasure, and instead will rely on reproduction through pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes. This paper will offer a different perspective. After describing the process through which human pluripotent stem cells might eventually be coaxed into gametes, it will show why the use of pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes for reproductive purposes would present significant safety, ethical, and regulatory challenges.

Global Health, Human Rights, and the Challenge of Neoliberal Policies
  • Global Health, Human Rights, and the Challenge of Neoliberal Policies
  • Audrey R. Chapman
  • Published online: 05 April 2016
  • Print publication: 15 April 2016
  • View description
    Written by a respected authority on human rights and public health, this book delivers an in-depth review of the challenges of neoliberal models and policies for realizing the right to health. The author expertly explores the integration of social determinants into the right to health along with the methodologies and findings of social medicine and epidemiology. The author goes on to challenge the way that health care is currently provided and makes the case that achieving universal health coverage will require fundamental health systems reforms.
  • 3 - Globalization and the Right to Health
  • Edited by Lanse Minkler, University of Connecticut
  • Book: The State of Economic and Social Human Rights
  • Published online: 05 February 2013
  • Print publication: 07 January 2013, pp 61-85
  • View extract

    Summary

    Introduction

    Like many other economic and social rights, the recognition of a right related to health or health care is a relatively recent development. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enumerates a right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being that includes medical care (1948, Article 25). Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR; 1966) expands the conception of the right “to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” (referred to subsequently as the right to health). The broad brush strokes of Article 12 direct state parties to provide for maternal and child health; improve environmental and industrial hygiene; ensure prevention, treatment, and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational, and other diseases; and create conditions that would assure medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness to all.

    There was considerable uncertainty about the precise requirements of the right and scope of state party responsibilities until 2000, when the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) adopted a general comment with its interpretation. According to the text of General Comment No.14 (GC 14), the right to health is an inclusive right that goes well beyond the four original provisions outlined in the ICESCR, which it characterizes as merely illustrative. The right to health is not understood as a right to be healthy (para. 8), but as the right to a variety of facilities, goods, services, and conditions necessary for the realization of the highest attainable standard of health (para. 9). These extend not only to the availability of timely and appropriate health care, but also incorporate the underlying determinants of health such as access to safe and potable water, adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and reproductive health (para. 11). GC 14 emphasizes the special obligations of the state to provide for the satisfaction of the health needs of those whose poverty, disabilities, or background makes them more vulnerable (CESCR 2000, paras. 20–27). Like other general comments, GC 14 specifies three types of state responsibilities: the obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the right (paras. 33–37).

Genetic Research on Addiction
  • Genetic Research on Addiction
  • Ethics, the Law, and Public Health
  • Edited by Audrey Chapman
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 09 August 2012
  • View description
    The manner in which genetic research associated with addiction is conducted, interpreted and translated into clinical practice and policy initiatives raises important social, ethical and legal issues. Genetic Research on Addiction fulfils two key aims; the first is to identify the ethical issues and requirements arising when carrying out genetically-based addiction research, and the second is to explore the ethical, legal and public policy implications of interpreting, translating and applying this research. The book describes research guidelines on human protection issues such as improving the informed consent process, protecting privacy, responsibilities to minors and determining whether to accept industry funding. The broader public health policy implications of the research are explored and guidelines offered for developing effective social interventions. Highly relevant for clinicians, researchers, academics and policy-makers in the fields of addiction, mental health and public policy.

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