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Edited by
David Kingdon, University of Southampton,Paul Rowlands, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS foundation Trust,George Stein, Emeritus of the Princess Royal University Hospital
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and debilitating illness. It has a specific natural history and treatment response that merits separate attention. This chapter provides a comprehensive update on the origins, aetiology and treatment of OCD. We also touch upon advances in the understanding of a group of less-well-researched disorders related to and currently classified together with OCD, termed as the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs). However, the main focus of this chapter will be on OCD.
Edited by
David Kingdon, University of Southampton,Paul Rowlands, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS foundation Trust,George Stein, Emeritus of the Princess Royal University Hospital
Specific phobia is a condition characterised by an intense reaction of fear and avoidance to a situation or an object perceived as dangerous. Individuals might rationally understand the situation is not in reality dangerous, but often, even the thought of the specific situation or object evokes intense anxiety. Various studies report the lifetime prevalence of specific phobia, which ranges from 3 to 15 per cent, with incidence predominantly occurring during adolescence. This disorder often leads to a reduction in the quality of life and can cause significant functional impairment. Various theories from genetic to psychological, including those drawing inferences from psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural therapies, offer explanations about the aetiology of specific phobias. Exposure therapy and SSRIs are recognised treatment options for individuals with specific phobias.
OCD is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric illness. Current first-line treatments include serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioural therapy, but a substantial minority of patients fail to respond adequately, requiring further forms of intervention usually provided in a sequenced algorithm. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) uses magnetic pulses passed through a coil placed on the scalp to stimulate the underlying brain region. Clinical trials of r-TMS in OCD have produced conflicting results, possibly related to the variability in the site of stimulation, protocols used, and variability in the selection of patients. We perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of rTMS for the treatment of OCD aimed to determine whether certain rTMS parameters (i.e. site, duration, protocol etc.) or patients’ characteristics (i.e age, duration of illness, illness severity, treatment resistance etc), are associated with effectiveness. Our overarching aim is to determine the place of rTMS in the sequenced OCD care-pathway.
Method
The meta-analysis is pre-registered in PROSPERO (ID: 241381). Potentially relevant studies will be retrieved using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases using the parameters [‘obsessive compulsive disorder’ or ‘OCD’ or ‘obsessions’ or ‘compulsions’] AND [‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’ or ‘TMS’]. The reference lists of retained articles will also be scrutinized for additional relevant publications. Only full text English language articles will be included in the review. The methodological quality of the studies will be assessed using CONSORT criteria. A summary of the study's quality as a randomized clinical trial will be produced.
Result
Our preliminary analysis shows some efficacy for r-TMS in non-treatment resistant OCD than treatment resistant OCD. Detailed results will be presented in the poster at the event. Effect measure will be either categorical (e.g. relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) or continuous (mean difference or standardized mean difference - Hedge's g or Cohen's d - when taking into consideration the severity of the disorder as a dimension). These outcomes will be measured through validated instruments, in the form of both self- rated scales and observer rated scales including semi-structured interviews.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis will identify the patient, illness and protocol parameters that determine clinical outcomes, as guide to optimizing the role of rTMS in the care of patients with OCD.
To collate experiences of international medical graduates (trained psychiatrists) on the Medical Training Initiative (MTI) and equivalent programs (International Medical Fellowship (IMF)/CESR Fellowships) in the United Kingdom and to understand shared themes.
Method
Three psychiatrists with the experience of being part of MTI/IMF program, for a minimum of 1 year, participated in theme guided, focussed discussions to understand common experiences. These discussion where limited to 3 broad headings. Opportunities to grow, what we wish the college knew and what we wished the trusts and supervisors knew. The experiential accounts were captured and circulated among a group of 20 MTI/IMF/CESR fellowship doctors and rated on a 5 point Likert scale varying between strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Result
The findings suggest that the expectations and experiences of the psychiatrists on such programs share some common themes. Most of them had varied experiences under the theme ‘opportunities to grow’. The suggestions for what these doctors ‘wished the trusts, college and supervisors knew’ had a good concordance among the 20 doctors who reviewed the themes and suggestions. The details of the themes and commonalities will be discussed at the conference.
Conclusion
The expectations and experiences of the doctors on MTI/equivalent program share common themes. Bridging the gap between MTI experience to an excellent MTI experience would involve identifying such shared experiences, that could potentially guide development of processes, thereby making these training fellowships better tailored to each trainee.
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