In the current study we evaluated an afterschool nutrition education programme, called Vetri Cooking Lab (VCL), for promoting healthy and diverse eating habits among at-risk children in the Greater Philadelphia area. To understand potential programme impacts, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of survey data collected before and after participation in VCL. Main study included cooking confidence, cooking knowledge, changes in dietary consumption behaviours, and changes in vegetable preferences. Participants included students in grades 3–11 enrolled in VCL during the 2018–19 school year at VCL sites (n = 60) throughout Philadelphia, PA, and Camden, NJ. Eligible participants completed surveys both before and after participating in the programme. We found that students’ confidence and knowledge increased (P < 0.001) after the cooking intervention. Knowledge and confidence were positively associated (r = 0.55; P < 0.001). Confidence was correlated with consumption behaviour changes (r = 0.18; P = 0.022). Confidence was positively associated with consumption changes in both our adjusted (OR = 1.81; P < 0.001) and unadjusted models (aOR = 1.88; P = 0.013). Compared to Black students, White students were more likely to report consumption changes (aOR = 5.83; P = 0.013). Hispanic/Latino participants and participants who spoke Spanish had nearly three times higher odds of consumption behaviour changes (Hispanic/Latino OR = 2.55; P = 0.007; Spanish OR = 3.04; P = 0.005). Student age and gender were not associated with behaviour changes. Our research demonstrates that programmes integrating practical cooking skills education along with nutrition, food, and cooking education can improve confidence and knowledge about healthy food choices amongst children driving an overall improvement in children’s eating habits.

We present radio observations of the galaxy cluster Abell S1136 at 888 MHz, using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder radio telescope, as part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe Early Science program. We compare these findings with data from the Murchison Widefield Array, XMM-Newton, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the Digitised Sky Survey, and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Our analysis shows the X-ray and radio emission in Abell S1136 are closely aligned and centered on the Brightest Cluster Galaxy, while the X-ray temperature profile shows a relaxed cluster with no evidence of a cool core. We find that the diffuse radio emission in the centre of the cluster shows more structure than seen in previous low-resolution observations of this source, which appeared formerly as an amorphous radio blob, similar in appearance to a radio halo; our observations show the diffuse emission in the Abell S1136 galaxy cluster contains three narrow filamentary structures visible at 888 MHz, between $\sim$80 and 140 kpc in length; however, the properties of the diffuse emission do not fully match that of a radio (mini-)halo or (fossil) tailed radio source.

Based on calibrated radiocarbon ages of terrestrial gastropod shells (Succineidae, Discus, Stenotrema, Webbhelix), the chronology of Peoria Silt (loess) deposition in the Central Lowlands is updated. These taxa provide reliable ages (within ~0.2 ka), based on historical shell dating, shell-organic age comparisons, and stratigraphic consistency. A compilation of 53 new and 36 published Peoria Silt shell ages (calibrated), from 12 localities, date from 30.0 to 17.4 ka. Proximal (fossiliferous) loess from 10 sections had mean loess accumulation rates of 0.6–2.2 mm/yr. Study sites along the upper Mississippi, Illinois, to mid-Mississippi, and Ohio-Wabash Valleys suggest Peoria loess accumulated from ~27 to 15 ka, ~29 to 18 ka, and ~30 to 18 ka, respectively. The cessation age for Peoria Silt, based on surface extrapolations, is ~1–6 ka earlier than some prior Illinois estimates, even assuming slower loess accumulation in the modern solum. Younger loess in northwestern Illinois likely reflects, in part, Superior and Des Moines Lobe glacial-meltwater sediment, and Iowan Erosion Surface inputs to the upper Mississippi Valley, after the Lake Michigan Lobe receded. Furthermore, stronger winds, drier conditions, and reduced vegetation cover in valley deflation areas may have favored higher accumulation rates and later loess deposition in northwestern relative to southeastern areas.

With many non-human primates (NHPs) showing continued population decline, there is an ongoing need to better understand their ecology and conservation threats. One such threat is the risk of disease, with various bacterial, viral and parasitic infections previously reported to have damaging consequences for NHP hosts. Strongylid nematodes are one of the most commonly reported parasitic infections in NHPs. Current knowledge of NHP strongylid infections is restricted by their typical occurrence as mixed infections of multiple genera, which are indistinguishable through traditional microscopic approaches. Here, modern metagenomics approaches were applied for insight into the genetic diversity of strongylid infections in South-East and East Asian NHPs. We hypothesized that strongylid nematodes occur in mixed communities of multiple taxa, dominated by Oesophagostomum, matching previous findings using single-specimen genetics. Utilizing the Illumina MiSeq platform, ITS-2 strongylid metabarcoding was applied to 90 samples from various wild NHPs occurring in Malaysian Borneo and Japan. A clear dominance of Oesophagostomum aculeatum was found, with almost all sequences assigned to this species. This study suggests that strongylid communities of Asian NHPs may be less species-rich than those in African NHPs, where multi-genera communities are reported. Such knowledge contributes baseline data, assisting with ongoing monitoring of health threats to NHPs.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Many left hemisphere stroke survivors have a reading disorder (alexia), which is experienced as decreasing well-being. Therapies produce inconsistent results, demonstrating a need for treatment response predictors. We are investigating neural correlates of reading computational models to identify biomarkers to improve therapeutic outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Artificial neural network models of reading, mapping between orthography (visual word form), phonology (auditory word form), and semantics (word meaning), are trained to read single words at a healthy, adult capacity. The models are independently damaged to reflect the individual orthography-to-semantics, semantics-to-phonology, and orthography-to-phonology deficits of a sample of left hemisphere stroke survivors (n = 85). These deficits are measured with cognitive tests assessing the intactness of mappings between representations. Model damage is enacted by removing percentages of the connections between representations. For each type of deficit, the percentages of links removed are entered into a voxel-based lesion symptom mapping analysis to identify areas of cortex associated with that mapping. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that the neural correlates of model layers will be localized to a mostly left-lateralized network. Increased damage to the links between semantics and phonology in the model will likely be related to lesions involving the left posterior superior temporal sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Damaged orthography-to-semantic links will be related to the left fusiform gyrus (FG) and IFG. Finally, damage to the orthography-to-phonology links will be related to the left FG and superior temporal gyrus. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Mapping components of language models onto the brain will improve our understanding of the neural networks supporting language processing. Identifying these neural correlates may also produce biomarkers that can be used in predicting reading impairment at the acute stage or optimizing therapy in the chronic stage of stroke.

Permeability is often the limiting factor in clay-based barrier systems designed to attenuate miscible or immiscible contaminant transport. One critical aspect of barrier design is prediction of the effects of permeant conditions on physicochemical properties (e.g swelling) of the clay component and thus, ultimately, the permeability of the barrier. To this end, the permeability of an organically modified bentonite to ethanol-water solutions was determined to approximate the effects of organo sorption-induced swelling. The bentonite was modified with a substituted alkylammonium cation: benzyloctadecyl-dimethylammonium (BODMA). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were used to measure interlayer expansion and to estimate aggregate particle densities at any given ethanol concentration. Permeability measurements were conducted on samples under confining overburden stresses of 43 kPa (∼2.5 m of saturated soil) using a hydraulic gradient of ∼300. Sample thickness was continuously monitored during measurements of volumetric flow so that sample strain, void ratio and porosity could be calculated from changes in sample pore volumes. For calculations of porosity and void ratio, the swelling solid volume, determined from XRD, was assumed to include the sorbed layer (crystalline water/ethanol), the thickness of which is not normally considered in engineering applications. Exposure of the BODMA bentonite to increasing ethanol concentrations increased the swell volume of the clay. Measured coefficients of permeability for the BODMA bentonite decreased from ∼1 × 10−7m s−1 for pure water to ∼8 × 10−10m s−1 for pure ethanol. Exposure of the organo clay to ethanol-water solutions containing 0.2 M NaCl increased the effect of ethanol on clay swelling and permeability. Probable consequences of the effects of sorption-induced swelling on permeability and the performance of organo clay-based permeable reactive barriers are discussed.

People who inject drugs are at risk of acute bacterial and fungal injecting-related infections. There is evidence that incidence of hospitalizations for injecting-related infections are increasing in several countries, but little is known at an individual level. We aimed to examine injecting-related infections in a linked longitudinal cohort of people who inject drugs in Melbourne, Australia. A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence and incidence of injecting-related infections using administrative emergency department and hospital separation datasets linked to the SuperMIX cohort, from 2008 to 2018. Over the study period, 33% (95%CI: 31–36%) of participants presented to emergency department with any injecting-related infections and 27% (95%CI: 25–30%) were admitted to hospital. Of 1,044 emergency department presentations and 740 hospital separations, skin and soft tissue infections were most common, 88% and 76%, respectively. From 2008 to 2018, there was a substantial increase in emergency department presentations and hospital separations with any injecting-related infections, 48 to 135 per 1,000 person-years, and 18 to 102 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The results emphasize that injecting-related infections are increasing, and that new models of care are needed to help prevent and facilitate early detection of superficial infection to avoid potentially life-threatening severe infections.

We study the space of slice torus invariants. In particular we characterise the set of values that slice torus invariants may take on a given knot in terms of the stable smooth slice genus. Our study reveals that the resolution of the local Thom conjecture implies the existence of slice torus invariants without having to appeal to any explicit construction from a knot homology theory.

The ongoing developments of psychiatric classification systems have largely improved reliability of diagnosis, including that of schizophrenia. However, with an unknown pathophysiology and lacking biomarkers, its validity still remains low, requiring further advancements. Research has helped establish multiple sclerosis (MS) as the central nervous system (CNS) disorder with an established pathophysiology, defined biomarkers and therefore good validity and significantly improved treatment options. Before proposing next steps in research that aim to improve the diagnostic process of schizophrenia, it is imperative to recognize its clinical heterogeneity. Indeed, individuals with schizophrenia show high interindividual variability in terms of symptomatic manifestation, response to treatment, course of illness and functional outcomes. There is also a multiplicity of risk factors that contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that several dimensions of psychopathology and risk factors cross current diagnostic categorizations. Schizophrenia shares a number of similarities with MS, which is a demyelinating disease of the CNS. These similarities appear in the context of age of onset, geographical distribution, involvement of immune-inflammatory processes, neurocognitive impairment and various trajectories of illness course. This article provides a critical appraisal of diagnostic process in schizophrenia, taking into consideration advancements that have been made in the diagnosis and management of MS. Based on the comparison between the two disorders, key directions for studies that aim to improve diagnostic process in schizophrenia are formulated. All of them converge on the necessity to deconstruct the psychosis spectrum and adopt dimensional approaches with deep phenotyping to refine current diagnostic boundaries.