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  • 13 - Property, Trade and Empire
  • from Part II - Concepts
  • Edited by Randall Lesaffer, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, Janne E. Nijman, Universiteit van Amsterdam
  • Book: The Cambridge Companion to Hugo Grotius
  • Published online: 03 September 2021
  • Print publication: 16 September 2021, pp 275-290
  • View extract

    Summary

    Grotius recast Aristotelian theories of human sociability in terms of self-preservation. Religious war in Europe had undermined the Thomist notion of mutual human affection as a basis for society. If society was established by the need to survive, then justice, which maintained society, must be understood in terms of its contribution to that necessity. Grotius therefore resolved the Ancient Roman and Greek problem of how to reconcile justice and expedience by reinterpreting justice in terms of expedience. For an individual, or state, to act out of self-preservation was necessarily just. His fusion of justice and expedience was one reason he was insistent upon distancing his thought from the Academic Sceptics, such as Carneades, who argued that there was no such thing as justice and that all moral action was expedient. For Grotius, part of the law of self-preservation was the necessity for individuals to secure the means for self-preservation and this meant that the acquisition of property, and trade, were central parts of that process. These principles applied also to the artificial person of the state which found itself in competition for survival with other states. The expansion of the state was therefore justifiable for its preservation. Indeed, following this reasoning, empire effectively became a necessity, and an inevitability, for the survival of European states.

Sovereignty, Property and Empire, 1500–2000
  • Sovereignty, Property and Empire, 1500–2000
  • Andrew Fitzmaurice
  • Published online: 05 November 2014
  • Print publication: 23 October 2014
  • View description
    This book analyses the laws that shaped modern European empires from medieval times to the twentieth century. Its geographical scope is global, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Poles. Andrew Fitzmaurice focuses upon the use of the law of occupation to justify and critique the appropriation of territory. He examines both discussions of occupation by theologians, philosophers and jurists, as well as its application by colonial publicists and settlers themselves. Beginning with the medieval revival of Roman law, this study reveals the evolution of arguments concerning the right to occupy through the School of Salamanca, the foundation of American colonies, seventeenth-century natural law theories, Enlightenment philosophers, eighteenth-century American colonies and the new American republic, writings of nineteenth-century jurists, debates over the carve up of Africa, twentieth-century discussions of the status of Polar territories, and the period of decolonisation.

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