The gut microbiome is the community of organisms that occupies the humangastrointestinal tract. The human microbiome consists of approximately 1014 microbes, including bacteria, bacteriophages, archaea, eukaryotic viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The microbiome is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, most clearly diet. Microbiome research is becoming increasingly robust as the microbiome becomes increasingly linked with various disease states and potential therapies. The majority of research to date has focused on exploring the role of microbiota and dysbiosis in various autoimmune disorders, but interest has grown in their interplay with chronic pain disorders. The microbiome has primarily been linked to human disorders through modulation of inflammatory pathways. Most studies have taken place in animal models, introducing the challenge of translating this research to human interventional models. Pre/probiotics, fermented foods, dietary fiber, NAIOSs, fecal transplants, and novel therapies have been proposed to treat dysbiosis. Further investigation of the link between the microbiome and nociception may help with diagnosis and management of conditions like OA, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain.