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7 results

  • Genetic Factors and Neurocognitive Traits

  • John A. Bates, Anil K. Malhotra
  • Journal: CNS Spectrums / Volume 7 / Issue 4 / April 2002
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 November 2014, pp. 274-284

  • Genetic contributions to phenotypic variation in general intelligence have been studied extensively. Less research has been conducted on genetic contributions to specific cognitive abilities, such as attention, memory, working memory, language, and motor functions. However, the existing data indicate a significant role of genetic factors in these abilities. Stages of information processing, such as sensory gating, early sensory registration, and cognitive analysis, also show evidence of genetic contributions. Recent molecular studies have begun to identify candidate genes for specific cognitive functions. Future research, identifying endophenotypes based on cognitive profiles of neuropsychiatric disorders, may also assist in the detection of genes that increase susceptibility to major psychiatric disorders.

  • Molecular differentiation of schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia using BDNF haplotypes

  • Todd Lencz, Robert H. Lipsky, Pamela DeRosse, Katherine E. Burdick, John M. Kane, Anil K. Malhotra
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 194 / Issue 4 / April 2009
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 313-318
  • Print publication: April 2009
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  • Background

    Allelic variation in the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been associated with affective disorders, but generally not schizophrenia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor variants may help clarify the status of schizoaffective disorder.

    Aims

    To test the hypothesis that BDNF haplotypes are associated with psychiatric illness marked by a prominent affective component.

    Method

    Frequencies of a 5-marker BDNF haplotype were examined in 600 White participants across four diagnostic categories and healthy controls.

    Results

    Individuals with schizoaffective disorder and other affective disorders were significantly more likely to carry two copies of the most common BDNF haplotype (containing the valine allele of the Val66Met polymorphism) compared with healthy volunteers. Moreover, when compared with people with schizophrenia, individuals with schizoaffective disorder were significantly more likely to carry two copies of the common haplotype.

    Conclusions

    To our knowledge, this is the first candidate gene study to demonstrate association with schizoaffective disorder but not schizophrenia. Variation in the BDNF gene may be associated with the clinical phenotype of affective dysregulation across several DSM–IV diagnostic categories.

  • Neurocognitive profile analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder

  • KATHERINE E. BURDICK, DELBERT G. ROBINSON, ANIL K. MALHOTRA, PHILIP R. SZESZKO
  • Journal: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 14 / Issue 4 / July 2008
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 June 2008, pp. 640-645
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  • Although neurocognitive deficits have been identified in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), little research has focused on whether these deficits are generalized or specific to a given cognitive domain. We assessed the relative strengths and weaknesses of 26 adult patients with OCD compared to 38 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers in domains of motor, verbal memory, visual memory, reasoning/problem solving, processing speed processing, and language. Profile analysis revealed an overall neurocognitive deficit of ½ standard deviation in OCD patients versus healthy volunteers, with relative weaknesses in motor and processing speed domains. In contrast, relative strengths were observed in language, verbal memory, and reasoning/problem solving. Our findings demonstrate neurocognitive impairment in OCD that may relate to functional outcome in this population. Findings of specific abnormalities on tasks of motor and processing speed are consistent with a hypothesized role of thalamocortical and basal ganglia regions in the pathogenesis of OCD. (JINS, 2008, 14, 640–645.)

  • Anterior cingulate grey-matter deficits and cannabis use in first-episode schizophrenia

  • Philip R. Szeszko, Delbert G. Robinson, Serge Sevy, Sanjiv Kumra, Claudia I. Rupp, Julia D. Betensky, Todd Lencz, Manzar Ashtari, John M. Kane, Anil K. Malhotra, Handan Gunduz-Bruce, Barbara Napolitano, Robert M. Bilder
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 190 / Issue 3 / March 2007
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 230-236
  • Print publication: March 2007
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  • Background

    Despite the high prevalence of cannabis use in schizophrenia, few studies have examined the potential relationship between cannabis exposure and brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia.

    Aims

    To investigate prefrontal grey and white matter regions in patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia with an additional diagnosis of cannabis use or dependence (n=20) compared with similar patients with no cannabis use (n=31) and healthy volunteers (n=56).

    Method

    Volumes of the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus and orbital frontal lobe were outlined manually from contiguous magnetic resonance images and automatically segmented into grey and white matter.

    Results

    Patients who used cannabis had less anterior cingulate grey matter compared with both patients who did not use cannabis and healthy volunteers.

    Conclusions

    A defect in the anterior cingulate is associated with a history of cannabis use among patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia and could have a role in poor decision-making and in choosing more risky outcomes.

  • 2 - From pharmacogenetics to pharmacogenomics of psychotropic drug response

  • from Part II - Clinical background and research design
  • Edited by Bernard Lerer, Hadassah-Hebrew Medical Center, Jerusalem
  • Book: Pharmacogenetics of Psychotropic Drugs
  • Published online: 20 August 2009
  • Print publication: 29 August 2002, pp 21-35

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the evidence for a heritable component to psychotropic drug response. It reviews basic methodological issues in pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response, and highlights future directions for pharmacogenetics research in psychiatry. The majority of heritability data on psychotropic drugs is from studies of antidepressant drug response. Antipsychotic drugs are potent dopamine receptor antagonists. Many of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are being identified may be useful in pharmacogenetic studies. The considerable advantages of the case-control approach for pharmacogenetic studies, coupled with the genomic control methods, suggest that it should be feasible to conduct large-scale pharmacogenetic studies with increased power and with decreased potential for undetected ethnic stratification. The first generation of pharmacogenetic studies that utilized SNPs in relatively limited numbers of candidate genes will be replaced by pharmacogenomic studies in which the complete genome is assessed.