In Henry Ford's War on Jews and the Legal Battle Against Hate Speech (2012), Victoria Saker Woeste raises provocative questions for students of the legal profession. Aaron Sapiro, an Eastern European, Jewish immigrant to California, rose to international prominence through his corporate specialization in agricultural cooperatives. Our understanding of the social structure of the legal profession, based on studies of the East and Midwest, shows that for most of the twentieth century, the structure of the bar was highly stratified around markers of ethno‐religious status. The trajectory of Sapiro's career does not fit this story. A focus on the West generally or California in particular complicates our understanding of how factors such as ethno‐religious background, social networks, career mobility, and prestige interact.

Changes in protein glycosylation have great potential as markers for the early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. The current analytical tools for the analysis of glycan structures need expensive instrumentation, advanced expertise, is time consuming and therefore not practical for routine screening of glycan biomarkers from human samples in a clinical setting.

We are developing a novel ultrasensitive diagnostic platform called ‘NanoMonitor’ to enable rapid label-free glycosylation analysis. The technology is based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy where capacitance changes are measured at the electrical double layer interface as a result of interaction of two molecules.

The NanoMonitor platform consists of a printed circuit board with array of electrodes forming multiple sensor spots. Each sensor spot is overlaid with a nanoporous alumina membrane that forms a high density of nanowells. Lectins, proteins that bind to and recognize specific glycan structures, are conjugated to the surface of nanowells. When specific glycoproteins from a test sample bind to lectins in the nanowells, it produces a perturbation to the electrical double layer at the solid/liquid interface at the base of each nanowell. This perturbation results in a change in the impedance of the double layer which is dominated by the capacitance changes within the electrical double layer.

The nanoscale confinement or crowding of biological macromolecules within the nanowells is likely to enhance signals from the interaction of glycoproteins with the lectins leading to a high sensitivity of detection with the NanoMonitor as compared to other electrochemical techniques.

Using a panel of lectins, we were able to detect subtle changes in the glycosylation of fetuin protein as well as differentiate glycoproteins from normal versus cancerous cells. Our results indicate that NanoMonitor can be used as a cost-effective miniature electronic biosensor for the detection of glycan biomarkers.

Rips et al.'s proposition cannot account for the facts that (1) a historical look at the word number systems suggests that the concept of natural numbers has been progressively elaborated; (2) people from cultures without an elaborate counting system do not master the concept of natural numbers; (3) children take time to master natural numbers; and (4) the competing advantage of the postulated math schema in the natural selection process is not obvious.

Background: Divergences in cognitive disturbances in hypothyroidism reported in the literature are a result of a methodological bias. Methods: By using a precise methodology, we examined attention and executive functions in hypothyroidism, verified the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in hypothyroidism, and examined the possible link between these symptoms and the cognitive disturbances (searching for attentional bias for words with a negative emotional valence). We administered a battery of cognitive tests to 23 participants who had undergone thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma: for the first time in an euthyroid state, then 3 weeks later (still in the euthyroid state) to assess the test/retest effect, and finally 4 weeks later in an hypothyroid state. We compared their performance with that of a group of 26 control participants who were also administered the same cognitive tests, also 3 times. Results: In hypothyroidism, the thyroid participants were more anxious and depressed than the controls and presented attentional and executive disturbances that reflected general slowing and difficulties in using their capacities of inhibition. However, they did not exhibit an attentional bias for words with a negative emotional valence. Conclusions: Contrary to what was expected, symptoms of anxiety and not symptoms of depression interfered with the cognitive performance of participants in hypothyroidism. (JINS, 2005, 11, 535–544.)

We present here a visualization environment for the train industry, where engineers, designers or executives can discuss and analyze visual, aesthetics and ergonomic issues of a train model before it is built. Instead of building a full-size real model, which is not too practical at all regarding design modifications, a virtual model is built in the digital realm, thus taking advantage of the flexibility it offers while keeping costs at approximately one third of the real model. The environment is based on a low cost, PC-based, CAVE-like architecture, (which we have named CLS, or CAVE-Like System) and combines static and dynamic computer generated imagery, both with and without stereoscopy for 3D visualization, as well as Augmented Virtuality techniques for the integration of the train with its environment. The system has already been tested and used by the Spanish companies Renfe and CAF in the design of the new Civia train.

Humphreys & Forde concentrate on the living/nonliving dissociation. However, further dissociations have been reported, including selective loss or preservation in recognizing body parts and numbers. This commentary outlines the relevance of the number category for understanding the organising principles of semantic memory.

Silicon-aluminum oxynitrides and/or aluminum nitride were prepared by the reduction-nitridation of kaolin in graphite crucibles under hydrogen/nitrogen flow at temperatures in the range 1100 °C–1450 °C. Almost pure β'-SiAION was obtained in less than 24 h at 1200 °C. At high temperatures (e.g., 1450 °C) and for long reaction times (e.g., 10 h), β'-SiAION is fully reduced to AlN. In most preparations, β'-SiAION is formed together with small amounts of AlN. However, the formation of AlN can be limited by using short reaction times and/or by adjusting the reducing power of the atmosphere, i.e., the N2/H2 ratio. Compared to the carboreduction of aluminosilicates which always yields mixtures, the present method leads to almost pure products under appropriate conditions. The temperature for the formation of β'-SiAION is at least 200 to 400 °C lower than the temperatures used for the carboreduction of aluminosilicates or sintering of powders, respectively. A gaseous species formed by the reaction of hydrogen with graphite is suspected to be responsible for the nitriding reduction of kaolinite.