Moradisaurine captorhinid eureptiles were a successful group of high-fibre herbivores that lived in the arid low latitudes of Pangaea during the Permian. Here we describe a palaeoassemblage from the Permian of Menorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), consisting of ichnites of small captorhinomorph eureptiles, probably moradisaurines (Hyloidichnus), and parareptiles (cf. Erpetopus), and bones of two different taxa of moradisaurines. The smallest of the two is not diagnostic beyond Moradisaurinae incertae sedis. The largest one, on the other hand, shows characters that are not present in any other known species of moradisaurine (densely ornamented maxillar teeth), and it is therefore described as Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov. Other remains found in the same outcrop are identified as cf. Balearosaurus bombardensis gen. et sp. nov., as they could also belong to the newly described taxon. This species is sister to the moradisaurine from the lower Permian of the neighbouring island of Mallorca, and is also closely related to the North American genus Rothianiscus. This makes it possible to suggest the hypothesis that the Variscan mountains, which separated North America from southern Europe during the Permian, were not a very important palaeobiogeographical barrier to the dispersion of moradisaurines. In fact, mapping all moradisaurine occurrences known so far, it is shown that their distribution area encompassed both sides of the Variscan mountains, essentially being restricted to the arid belt of palaeoequatorial Pangaea, where they probably outcompeted other herbivorous clades until they died out in the late Permian.

We present the first report of Amblycerus dispar (Sharp) attacking stored almonds [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb] in Argentina. A summarized diagnosis, illustrations, and photographs of the adult and mature larva are provided to facilitate identification. We performed species distribution models for A. dispar and its main host plant Geoffroea decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart. We include A. dispar into a previous morphological character matrix and conduct a phylogenetic analysis to infer its phylogenetic position. The evolution of host plant associations of the genus Amblycerus is herein re-analyzed. A. dispar and its main host shows high suitability areas especially in central-west Argentina and Chile, whereas for the USA, high suitability areas were found for the south-western which include the area of almond production in this country. Although the presence of A. dispar in the USA region is very unlikely, we recommend some awareness as other bruchines are present in the area. Although A. dispar is unlikely to become an economically important risk, monitoring for early detection is recommended to avoid productivity loss, especially when the native host is nearby cultivated areas. A. dispar is hypothesized to be the sister species of A. schwarzi Kingsolver. The colonization of a Rosaceae species is a novelty for this genus, being host shifts known as an important factor affecting both natural and agricultural systems.

An outbreak of SARS-CoV2 infection in a Barcelona prison was studied. One hundred and forty-eight inmates and 36 prison staff were evaluated by rt-PCR, and 24.1% (40 prisoners, two health workers and four non-health workers) tested positive. In all, 94.8% of cases were asymptomatic. The inmates were isolated in prison module 4, which was converted into an emergency COVID unit. There were no deaths. Generalised screening and the isolation and evaluation of the people infected were key measures. Symptom-based surveillance must be supplemented by rapid contact-based monitoring in order to avoid asymptomatic spread among prisoners and the community at large.

This article on Old Norse represents a fundamental departure from the previous literature on loaned material by examining multilingual documents written in Medieval Latin rather than in monolingual English, namely the Durham Account Rolls (DAR). The potential of this richer and more complex interplay between languages will be further addressed throughout the article, which assesses the different kinds of evidence available for establishing the relative plausibility for a word being derived from ON. Dance's (2013, 2018, 2019) taxonomy will be discussed and applied to multilingual material for the first time. The article concludes with some notes on the main semantic fields to which ON-derived lexis contributed within the multilingual lexical networks of the DAR.

In a 2016 article published in this journal (Roig–Marín, 2016), I argued that the coinage of cyber-blends reflects our blended digital/physical relationships in today's world. The current pandemic has put a halt to our everyday lives and all forms of physical contact, and so technologies and digital experiences now play a more conspicuous role than ever. We have gone online and got used to vocabulary whose usage prior to COVID-19 was very limited (e.g. quarantine and pandemic) or known to very few (coronavirus, super-spreader, or the abbreviations PPE ‘personal protective equipment’ or WFH ‘working from home’), while coming to terms with the implications of others such as self-isolation, lockdown, or social distancing (which should be better called physical distancing as social closeness, albeit non-physically, is very much needed to get through these difficult times). Short pieces on coroneologisms have attested to the rise of many new lexical formations, mostly blends. According to Thorne (2020; also cited in CBC, 2020), more than 1,000 new words – both non-specialised and technical terminology – have been created during the current pandemic. Journalists and Twitter users are particularly prone to coin words displaying a high level of linguistic ingenuity; yet, the circulation of that lexis may be very limited. The present note overviews some of the most widely spread vocabulary related to our new COVID-19 reality, coming from the laity rather than from medical or scientific professionals. Alongside terms like social distancing and lockdown, less technical and more playful vocabulary has transcended linguistic boundaries. Particular attention will be paid to examples from European languages whose word-stocks share a common Latinate substratum, likewise central to scientific communication.

Aim of the study: to examine the role of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptors in psychosocial (PS) stress in mice. PS stress was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by resident-intruder paradigm (Brzózka et al. 2010). After 3 weeks PS stress anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) were estimated in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebellum. Identically stressed and control mice (N = 15) were injected with WIN55212.2 (3 mg/kg) ± Rimonabant (3 mg/kg). Functional Observational Battery (FOB) (Golub et al., 2004), Open Field (OF), Prepulse Inhibition test (PPI) were studied. All behavioral recordings were done at night. Stressed mice showed significantly lowered AEA and OEA in Hippocampus, significant increase of 2-AG in Cortex, decrease of OEA in Striatum and increase of 2-AG in Cerebellum. Stressed mice displayed significantly lowered body weight gain, higher scratching activity, decrease of righting reflex time in FOB, higher distance travelled, time moving and hyperactivity in OF. In stressed mice WIN55212.2 significantly lowered rearings, increased righting reflex time, reduced distance travelled, time moving and hyperactivity in OF. Rimonabant did not significantly antagonize the effect of WIN55212.2 in stressed mice, but in controls. In controls WIN55212.2 significantly increased the number of scratches, reduced distance travelled, time moving and climbing and increased the startle response amplitude in PPI. The latter effect was significantly antagonized by Rimonabant. To sum up significant stress effects could be recorded in behavior, but less in PPI. PPI seems to be dependent on CB1-receptor processes but in case of stress endocannabinoids-activities may contribute.

obesity

We present an exploratory study of the hydrodynamical interaction between two bubbles rising at high Reynolds numbers in a thin-gap cell. When they are isolated, the bubbles exhibit oscillatory motions and develop an unsteady wake with periodic release of vortices. Experiments combine bubble tracking and measurements of the liquid velocity field through volumetric time-resolved particle image velocimetry. This enabled us to analyse the kinematics of the bubbles during their interaction in relationship with the liquid flow field induced by their motion and governing their behaviour. We first investigate how the kinematics of a bubble, already submitted to the intrinsic instability of its path and wake, is modified by the interaction, i.e. by the presence of a liquid flow field generated by the companion bubble. Two main effects are highlighted in association with (i) the role of the ascending flow generated by the leading bubble, and of its spatial evolution, leading to a slowly varying vertical entrainment of the trailing bubble, and (ii) the role of the vortices released by the leading bubble inducing strong localized horizontal deviations on a bubble in line or in oblique positioning. In the latter case, two major scenarios are identified: deviations of the trailing bubble towards the wake centre line (centring in the wake) or away from it (ejection from the wake). We also show that a regular succession of ejections and re-alignments events may take place (cyclic alternation of ejections and centrings). The analysis is built on the knowledge of the behaviour of isolated bubbles, which is used as the basis for comparison to characterize the effect of the interaction, for the modelling of the vertical entrainment, and for the definition of a criteria on a dimensionless parameter characterizing the ability of a vortex to drive the bubble motion. In turn, we investigate the effect of a bubble passage in the liquid flow field generated by the companion bubble, highlighting the destruction or reinforcement of vortices. We show in particular that both effects can occur without a significant impact on the bubble kinematics.

The objectives of this study were: to assess the efficiency of high hydrostatic pressure or ultra-high pressure homogenization against Mycobacterium smegmatis in milk and to discuss whether M. smegmatis can be considered a suitable surrogate for other Mycobacterium spp. in high pressure inactivation trials using milk. Three strains of this specie (CECT 3017, 3020 and 3032) were independently inoculated into both skimmed (0.2% fat) and whole milk (3.4% fat) at an approximate load of 6.5 Log CFU/ml and submitted to HHP treatments at 300, 400 or 500 MPa for 10 m at 6°C and 20°C. Evolution of the surviving cells of the inoculated strains was evaluated analysing milk immediately after the treatments and after 5 and 8 d of storage at 6°C. HHP treatments at 300 MPa were seldom efficient at inactivating M. smegmatis strains, but lethality increased with pressure applied in all cases. Generation of sub-lethal injured cells was observed only after 400 MPa treatments since inactivation at 500 MPa was shown to be complete. Significant differences were not observed due to either temperature of treatment or fat content of milk, except for strain CECT3032, which was shown to be the most sensitive to HHP treatments. Milk inoculated with strain CECT3017 was submitted to ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) treatments at 200, 300 and 400 MPa. Maximum reductions were obtained after 300 and 400 MPa treatments, although less than 3.50 Log CFU/ml were inactivated. UHPH did not cause significant number of injured cells. The usefulness of this species as a marker for pressure-based processing seems limited since it showed greater sensitivity than some pathogenic species including other Mycobacteria reported in previous studies.

This study aimed at identifying linguistic factors that could contribute to understanding individual differences in executive control among bilinguals. Directionality and type of natural language switching, age of second language acquisition, and language proficiency were evaluated in a sample of 112 early bilingual adults. Participants performed several computerized tasks tapping into three dimensions of executive control: inhibition of interference, working memory updating, and shifting. Regression analyses showed that frequent switching to the second language was associated with more efficient executive processing, enhanced working memory updating processes, and better shifting ability. Moreover, higher frequency of unintended language switches was associated with lower interference control abilities. Frequency of language switching behavior was the principal predictor of executive control, beyond age of second language acquisition and language proficiency. Results suggest that frequent language switching is related to enhanced executive control, while the unintended switching of languages could be associated with low interference control.

We investigated experimentally the motion of elongated finite-length cylinders (length $L$, diameter $d$) freely falling under the effect of buoyancy in a low-viscosity fluid otherwise at rest. For cylinders with densities $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{c}$ close to the density $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}$ of the fluid ($\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{c}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}\simeq 1.16$), we explored the effect of the body volume by varying the Archimedes number $Ar$ (based on the body equivalent diameter) between 200 and 1100, as well as the effect of their length-to-diameter ratios $L/d$ ranging from 2 to 20. A shadowgraphy technique involving two cameras mounted on a travelling cart was used to track the cylinders along their fall over a distance longer than $30L$. A dedicated image processing algorithm was further implemented to properly reconstruct the position and orientation of the cylinders in the three-dimensional space. In the range of parameters explored, we identified three main types of paths, matching regimes known to exist for three-dimensional bodies (short-length cylinders, disks and spheres). Two of these are stationary, namely, the rectilinear motion and the large-amplitude oscillatory motion (also referred to as fluttering or zigzag motion), and their characterization is the focus of the present paper. Furthermore, in the transitional region between these two regimes, we observed irregular low-amplitude oscillatory motions, that may be assimilated to the A-regimes or quasi-vertical regimes of the literature. Flow visualization using dye released from the bodies uncovered the existence of different types of vortex shedding in the wake of the cylinders, according to the style of path. The detailed analysis of the body kinematics in the fluttering regime brought to light a series of remarkable properties. In particular, when normalized with the characteristic velocity scale $u_{0}=\sqrt{(\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}-1)gd}$ and the characteristic length scale $l_{0}=\sqrt{dL}$, the mean vertical velocity $\overline{u_{Z}}$ and the frequency $f$ of the oscillations become almost independent of $L/d$ and $Ar$. The use of the length scale $l_{0}$ and of the gravitational velocity scale to build the Strouhal number $St^{\ast }=fl_{0}/u_{0}$ allowed us to generalize to short ($0.1\leqslant L/d\leqslant 0.5$) and elongated cylinders ($2\leqslant L/d\leqslant 12$), the result $St^{\ast }\simeq 0.1$. An interpretation of $l_{0}$ as a characteristic length scale associated with the oscillatory recirculation thickness generated near the body ends is proposed. In addition, the rotation rate of the cylinders scales with $u_{0}/L$, for all $L/d$ and $Ar$ investigated. Furthermore, the phase difference between the oscillations of the velocity component $u$ along the cylinder axis and of the inclination angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ of the cylinder is approximately constant, whatever the elongation ratio $L/d$ and the Archimedes number $Ar$.

A new insular species of Paraethomys (Muridae, Rodentia) with medium-sized hypsodont teeth is described from the Zanclean of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). The m1 displays the most distinctive traits: hypsodonty, a high occurrence of an unusual anterior cingulum, a well-developed labial cingulum, high accessory labial cuspids resembling the Apodemus pattern and a funnel between c1 and the hypoconid. Paraethomys balearicus sp. nov. preserves traits close to those present in the earliest populations of Paraethomys meini from the upper Turolian, such as a developed posterior spur on t3 in the M1, a connection between t4 and t8 in the M1, a narrow connection between t6 and t9 in the M1 and the occasional presence of an individualized t9 and a t12 in some M2s. The relationship between the new taxon and its direct mainland ancestor gives additional support to a Messinian origin for the so-called Myotragus fauna, which became isolated after the refilling of the Mediterranean Sea 5.33 Ma ago. The absence of Paraethomys in other known younger Mallorcan sites suggests that its extinction most probably occurred at an indeterminate time during the Pliocene Epoch.