Older adults, 65 years of age and older, living in long-term care (LTC) commonly experience anxiety. This study aimed to understand care providers’ perspectives on the barriers to and facilitators of managing anxiety in residents of LTC. Ten semi-structured interviews with care providers in LTC were completed. Framework analysis methods were used to code, thematically analyze, designate codes as barriers or facilitators, and map the codes to the Theoretical Domains Framework. Themes were categorized as acting at the resident, provider, or system level, and were labelled as either barriers to or facilitators of anxiety care. Key barriers to anxiety care at each level were resident cognitive impairment or co-morbidities; lack of staff education, staff treatment uptake and implementation; as well as the care delivery environment and access to resources. There is a need to prioritize measurement-based care for anxiety, have increased access to non-pharmacological treatments, and have a care delivery environment that supports anxiety management to improve the care for anxiety that is delivered to residents.

Anxiety is common in long-term care (LTC), but it is unclear which anxiety detection tools are accurate when compared to a reference standard for residents of LTC. Four databases and grey literature sources were searched using the search concepts “anxiety” and “LTC”. Included studies evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of an anxiety detection tool compared to a reference standard in LTC residents. Diagnostic accuracy measures were extracted. Four articles out of 4,620 met the inclusion criteria. Despite limited evidence and poorly reported study procedures and characteristics, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (sensitivity: 90.0%, specificity: 86.2%) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (sensitivity: 90.0%, specificity: 80.6%) had the best performance when detecting generalized anxiety disorder. We identified four anxiety detection tools appropriate for use in LTC; a critical first step to diagnosing and managing anxiety in residents of LTC. Non-generalized anxiety disorders and tool feasibility must be further evaluated.

Caregivers of persons with dementia and depression experience adverse effects associated with their role. The aim of this scoping review was to identify the challenges faced by caregivers of people with dementia and depression, along with interventions to support them. The MEDLINE®, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Grey literature was assessed using the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health’s Gray Matter tool.

The population consisted of caregivers of people with dementia and depression; the concept was to identify the negative impacts that caregivers experience and whether there are interventions to reduce them; the context was any study design targeting family or friends who were caregivers. A total of 12,835 citations were identified; 139 studies were included. Dementia and depression have variable impacts on outcomes experienced by caregivers, including burden/strain (n = 52), depression (n = 27), distress (n = 53), quality of life (n = 5) and health/well-being (n = 9). Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have mixed effects. This study is important considering that depression in people with dementia is associated with caregiver distress. The use of a variety of non-pharmacological interventions could be beneficial to the latter.

The Asian Harm Reduction Network embarked upon a multi-site research conducted in four countries in Asia including Iran to gain insight in drug careers of young people and the impact of the environment. This article is the abridged synthesis of Tehran research report on description of the typical circumstances surrounding initial drug use in young people.

It was a qualitative research whose data were gathered through analysis of existing data; interviews with key informants; focus group discussions with family members, PUD (Person using drugs), service providers, policy makers, law enforcement officers; and a quantitative survey with 281 PUDs.

Curiosity, peer pressure and acceptance among friends are the most important factors that drive initiation. Having friends who use drugs is an important factor during the initiation stage. Mostly, the drug is given for free by friends and taking drugs is done with some good friends during initiation, as well as afterwards. The initial stage of one's drug use tends to be without any serious adverse effects or problems. Problems usually start -or become more serious- when dependency develops and money becomes an issue, which, in turn, can lead to criminal behavior. Financial consequences of one's drug use are often mentioned as the core problem. As expected, problems tended to become more pronounced, when people had switched towards injecting or towards an opiate.

Development community-building activities towards early detection of drug use might help young people not to continue their drug use.

The Asian Harm Reduction Network embarked upon a multi-site research conducted in four countries in Asia including Iran to gain insight in drug careers of young people and the impact of the environment. This article is the abridged synthesis of Tehran research report on knowledge on drug use and its related harms.

It was a qualitative research whose data were gathered through analysis of existing data; interviews with key informants; focus group discussions with family members, PUD (Person using drugs), service providers, policy makers, law enforcement officers; and a quantitative survey with 281 PUDs.

Mass media, governmental and non-governmental organizations can reach a large group of people, whereas school, parents and other family members fail to spread information on health issues such as AIDS and Hepatitis C. Drug related issues are commonly discussed with fellow PUD. Knowledge levels among PUDs in regards to HIV transmission are low. Knowledge on Hepatitis C is extremely low. The image of a drug does not significantly differ between PUDs who have used that particular drug and those who haven't. Most non-PIDs despite PIDs (People injecting drugs) are aware of health risks related to injecting and this is a major factor in the decision not to inject. The addictive nature of injecting is widely recognized amongst PIDs, yet PIDs remain optimistic about the possibility to be able to abstain.

Policy makers are urged to plan more towards youth in the field of education to reach the general population with information regarding HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis.

Bam earthquake in December, 2004 was one of the most devastating disasters in the world. It affected a total population of 970000 and decimated over 35000 people. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms in a sample of survivors of Bam earthquake.

This cross-sectional study included 786 people in randomly selected households through cluster sampling eight months after the earthquake. Subjects were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).

About 98 percent of the respondents were exposed to one or more traumatic life experiences. The most severe traumatic experience in 87.2 percent of the subject was witnessing others injuries or corpses. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 59.1 percent. Partial PTSD (having some PTSD symptoms without fulfilling the minimum criteria) and current PTSD had prevalence rates equal to 20.2 and 51.9 percent, respectively. There was not a significant difference between men and women with regard to prevalence of PTSD and its symptoms. “Numbness and avoidance” was the least prevalent and “reexperience” the most prevalent symptom groups.

PTSD is highly prevalent in Bam earthquake survivors that warrant implementing community-based interventions for the disturbed population.

For health promotion policy purposes, switches towards and away from injecting as well as switches towards or away from an opiate are of great importance. The Asian Harm Reduction Network embarked upon a multi-site research conducted in four countries in Asia including Iran to gain insight in drug careers of young people and the impact of the environment. This article is the abridged synthesis of Tehran research report on description of the typical circumstances surrounding initial drug use in young people.

It was a qualitative research whose data were gathered through analysis of existing data; interviews with key informants; focus group discussions with family members, PUD (Person using drugs), service providers, policy makers, law enforcement officers; and a quantitative survey with 281 PUDs.

Drug careers of young people tend to be dynamic and changeable. 26% switched towards an opiate and 50% of the respondents switched towards injecting at some stage in one's career. Expectedly, the occurrence of positive switches is low, compared to negative counterparts, yet maybe not as low as one might have expected. Shifts from one drug to the other as well as from one mode of intake to the other occur regularly and sometimes very quickly. More than 40% of the respondents switched to injecting after having used other modes of intake for more than five years.

Effectively targeting the period between the onset of drug use and switching to injecting for secondary prevention and harm reduction interventions might help PUDs.

Our primary objective was to understand the barriers and facilitators associated with the implementation of high-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for depression and anxiety in patients with dementia or Parkinson’s disease (PD). We conducted focus groups or interviews with participants experiencing dementia or PD, their caregivers, and physicians in Calgary, Alberta, and applied the theoretical domains framework and behaviour change wheel to guide data collection and perform a framework analysis. Thirty-three physicians and seven PD patients/caregivers participated. We report barriers and facilitators to the implementation of guideline recommendations for diagnosis, management, and the use of the guidelines. An overarching theme was the lack of evidence for depression or anxiety disorders in dementia or PD, which was prominent for anxiety versus depression. Patients noted difficulties with communicating symptoms and accessing services. Although guidelines are available, physicians have difficulty implementing certain recommendations due primarily to a lack of evidence regarding efficacy.

The present study examined the impacts of native, fermented or enzymatically treated peas (Pisum sativum L.) inclusion in broiler diets, on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. For the fermentation process, Madonna pea was mixed with water (1/1) containing 2.57×108Bacillus subtilis (GalliPro®) spores/kg pea and then, incubated for 48 h at 30 °C. For the enzymatic treatment process, the used water for dough production contained three enzymes, AlphaGalTM (α-galactosidase), RONOZYME® ProAct and VP (protease and pectinases respectively – DSM, Switzerland) and the pea dough incubated for 24 h at 30°C. Nine corn-wheat-soybean diets were formulated by supplying 10%, 20% and 30% of the required CP with either native, fermented or enzymatically treated peas. Performance was recorded weekly and at the end of the experiment (day 35), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP, amino acids (AA), crude fat, starch, Ca, P and K were determined. Data were subjected to ANOVA using GLM procedure with a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Both processes reduced α-galactosides, phytate, trypsin inhibitor activity and resistant starch in peas. Increasing levels of pea products up to 300 g/kg diet, reduced BW gain and feed intake (P⩽0.05). Broilers fed diets containing enzymatically treated pea had the best feed conversion ratio at day 35. Different types of pea product and their inclusion levels had no effect on AID of all nutrients. The interaction between type of the pea products and inclusion levels was significant for AID of starch. For native pea diets, 10% group showed similar AID of starch to 20% native pea but it had higher AID than 30% native pea. For fermented and enzymatically treated groups, all three levels displayed similar AID of starch. In conclusion, enzymatic treatment and fermentation could improve the nutritional quality of pea. Inclusion of enzymatically treated pea in broiler diets could improve broiler performance compared with other pea products while, it displayed neither positive nor negative impact on nutrient digestibility. The present findings indicate the feasibility of these processes, particularly enzymatic treatment, for improving the nutritional quality of pea as a protein source for broiler nutrition.

The microstructural characteristics of mechanically milled (MM) iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) powders are investigated by means of various X-ray crystallography analysis methods. The conventional Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averbach methods are used besides the modified Williamson–Hall, the modified Warren–Averbach, and the Variance approaches, in proper cases. Afterward, the obtained crystallite size and dislocation density are used to calculate the stored energy in the nanostructured powders. For this aim, a new geometrical approach is developed which can consider three-dimensional crystallites and the thickness of boundaries between them. Moreover, the released energy during annealing of MM Cu and Fe powders is measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The results of line broadening analysis and geometrical modelling are combined to the calorimetry of a room temperature aged Cu powder. In this way, the thickness of grain boundary in the nanostructured Cu is calculated to be 1.6 nm.

In a recent work we calculated some electronic properties of metal-free phthalocyanine such as band structure, density of states and energy gap. We have also presented some optical properties such as dielectric function, electrical loss function, optical conduction, absorption and refractive index, some of which have never been studied before. Calculations were performed in the framework of density functional theory (DFT), using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. This study presents the electrical gap energy of metal-free phthalocyanine to be Eg = 2.4 eV which is in good agreement with experimental data. A trap energy level is also observed. Optical band gap is about 2.48 eV with an optical trap level at 1.48 eV. In addition, we obtained the static refractive index in the x-, y- and z-directions as n0xx = 2.43, n0yy = 2.06 and n0zz = 2.32. Finally, absorption spectra display the existence of strong absorption bands at the wavelengths of 400 and 800 nm which compare favorably with experimental results.

3D modelling of geological structures is a key method to improve the understanding of the geological history of an area, and to serve as a drive for exploration. Geomodelling has been performed on a large 60000 km2 area of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Iran, to reconcile a vast but heterogeneous dataset. Topography, geological surface data and dips, outcrop surveys, and well and seismic data were integrated into the model. The method was to construct a key surface maximizing the hard data constraints. The Oligo-Miocene Top Asmari layer was chosen, as this formation was regionally deposited before the main Zagros collision phase and because the numerous outcrops allow proper control of the bed geometry in the fold cores. Interpreted seismic data have been integrated to interpolate the surfaces at depth within the synclines. Several conceptual models of fold geometry have been applied to estimate the best way to convert seismic time signal to depth. Several deeper horizons down to Palaeozoic strata were deduced from this key horizon by applying palaeo-thickness maps. During the construction, the 3D interpolated surfaces could be reconverted to time, using a velocity model, and compared with previous seismic interpretations. This exercise obliged us to revise some early interpretations of seismic lines that were badly tied to wells. The 3D modelling therefore clearly improves regional interpretation. In addition, the 3D model is the only tool that allows drawing consistent cross-sections in areas where there are no seismic lines. Emerging Hormuz salt diapirs were added to the model. Dimensions and shapes of the individual diapirs were modelled using a statistical survey on the cropping out Hormuz structures. Modelling reliably demonstrated that the diapirs, when piercing, show a constant mushroom shape whose diameter depends on the stratigraphic depth of observation. This observation allowed us to exemplify relations between the pre-existing diapirs and the anticlines of the area, and to highlight the morphological changes from the inner onshore areas to the coastal and offshore areas. In addition, one of the surprising results of this study was the observation of the increasing diameter of the diapirs at the time of the Zagros collision and folding event, with growth strata and overhangs on the flanks of the diapirs.