The explanation offered here for the high rates of saving in China is that much of the saving has been “forced” in two Benthamite senses. Involuntary saving, the first of Bentham's meanings, includes taxes which finance investment. These have made up more than half of the total savings in China in recent years. There is also forced saving in China in the form of Bentham's second sense, conduced saving, resulting from bank loans which have financed investment. While the existence of a savings glut has been suggested for China, a better characterization would be that it has had a high rate of investment.

In the process of developing thin film electro-optical waveguides we investigated the influence of different substrates on the optical and structural properties of epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films. These films are grown by on-axis pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on MgO(100), MgAl2O4(100), SrTiO3(100) and MgO buffered A12O3(1102) substrates. The waveguide losses and the refractive indices were measured with a prism coupling setup. The optical data are correlated to the results of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/ion channeling (RBS/C). X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). BaTiO3 films on MgO(100) substrates show planar waveguide losses of 3 dB/cm and ridge waveguide losses of 5 dB/cm at a wavelength of 633 nm.

Though the economy of Italy has been transformed in the one hundred years since its uninfication, the various regions have experienced quite different degrees of development. Southern Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, all of which comprises 40 per cent of the land area and, today, about 37 per cent of the population, has lagged far behind the North.