In 1975, the National Coal Board (NCB) produced a short film, “People Will Always Need Coal”, to encourage recruitment into mining. It was extraordinarily attention-grabbing, presenting miners as cosmopolitan playboys. It defined the industry in hyper-masculine terms, encouraging would-be recruits to “be a miner”. This article uses the film as a starting point for a discussion of the complex interactions between the material realities of masculinity, class, and culture within Britain's coalfields in the period 1975–1983. A critical reading of the film is complemented by archival research and oral testimony drawn from interviews with 96 former miners and their families. At a time when the industry was positioning itself as an employer with a long-term future, mining was presented on screen as a modern masculine occupation that was far removed from the dominant imagery of coal for much of the twentieth century. The National Union of Mineworkers’ (NUM) victories in the strikes of 1972 and 1974, the drafting of a Government Plan for Coal, and rising living standards, created a short period of optimism before the cataclysmic closures of the 1980s and 1990s. This was a time when masculinity in the coalfields was being reproduced, modified, contested, and subverted. The years 1975–1983 offer valuable insight into such masculinity and the ways it was mediated and challenged through work, the domestic sphere, leisure, and popular culture.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of procedure-related, skin, and soft-tissue infections. Hospitalized patients who are colonized with MRSA are at a higher risk of developing invasive infections after discharge. Chlorhexidine, an antiseptic/disinfectant, has been used to reduce carriage and prevent infections in these patients. Studies have shown chlorhexidine resistance among MRSA strains. Chlorhexidine resistance is associated with qac genes, which encode multidrug efflux pumps that increase bacterial tolerance to disinfectant agents. The global distribution and prevalence of qacA and qacB genes are highly variable. One study reported that qacA and qacB genes could be found in 0.9% - 83.3% of clinical MRSA isolates worldwide. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of chlorhexidine resistance and identify the resistance-associated genes from our MRSA samples using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: 474 MRSA samples were obtained from hospitals in Detroit, MI (287) and Cleveland, OH (187). Whole genome sequencing was performed using the NextSeq (Illumina Inc., CA) platform. The sequencing data was analyzed using ResFinder 4.1, a publicly available database that can be used to identify acquired genes and chromosomal mutations mediating antimicrobial resistance. The output was organized into a data sheet to visualize the presence of the genes of interest. Results: The qacA gene was present in only one MRSA sample from the Cleveland area hospital. In the samples from Detroit, 14 out of 287 showed disinfectant resistance genes. The qacA, qacB, and qacD were present in 1, 6, and 7 samples, respectively. The prevalence of any qac gene in the Cleveland area samples was 0.5%. Meanwhile, the prevalence of any qac gene in Detroit area samples was 4.9%. Among the 7 samples that have qacD gene, 6 samples have more than one copy of qacD. Conclusions: The prevalence of the “qac” gene varied widely based on the origin of the samples. Detroit area samples had more qac genes prevalence than Cleveland area samples. Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic/disinfectant, and it plays a vital role in reducing carriage and preventing infection among hospitalized patients colonized with MRSA. Monitoring and addressing MRSA-reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine is imperative for maintaining the effectiveness of infection control practices such as decolonization.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen responsible for nosocomial and community-acquired infections with high morbidity and mortality1. MRSA nasal colonization is a major risk factor for developing infection in the hospital setting2,3. Decolonization of MRSA carriers is a strategy to decrease recurrence or to prevent new MRSA infections3,4. Decolonization with nasal mupirocin 2% and chlorhexidine baths has been shown to decrease the risk of MRSA infection after hospital discharge3. Mupirocin is an RNA synthetase inhibitor with activity against MRSA5. Resistance of MRSA isolates to mupirocin has been described previously6. As topical disinfectants play a crucial role in prevention of MRSA infection in a variety of settings, it is important to monitor the emergence of resistance. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of mupirocin resistance among MRSA samples isolated from two different regions in the United States (U.S). Methods: Our study had a total of 474 MRSA samples that were obtained from hospitals in Detroit, MI (287 samples) and Cleveland, OH (187 samples). After whole genome sequencing using NextSeq (Illumina Inc., CA) platform the data was analyzed using ResFinder 4.1, to identify antimicrobial resistance which can be either acquired or chromosomally mediated mutations. To visualize the presence of genes of interest the resistance genes were tallied on a spread sheet. Results: Mupirocin resistance gene was detected in five of 287 (1.74%) MRSA samples from the Detroit hospitals, all of which were associated with the mupA gene. Samples collected from the Cleveland area hospital demonstrated mupirocin resistance in seven samples of 187 (3.74%), all associated again with the mupA gene. One sample from the Detroit group showed resistance to both mupirocin and chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Prevalence of mupirocin resistance gene varied between the two hospital locations. Resistance to mupirocin has been documented in association with mutations in the mupA gene as well as chromosomal point mutations that can lead to either low or high-level resistance7,8. Although the mechanisms are not fully clear, mupA gene has been associated with high-level resistance9. Mupirocin resistance among MRSA isolates has increased over time9. MRSA infections remain an important etiology of nosocomial and community-acquired infections and common practice to combat this issue is universal decolonization with mupirocin10. It is critical to understand and monitor for development of mupirocin resistance as mupirocin remains one of the most effective tools to prevent invasive infection with MRSA in many patient populations.

A novel wall-mounted far ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light technology providing automated delivery of far UV-C only when people are not present reduced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a patient room and equipment room. The safety feature that discontinues far UV-C output when people are detected was effective in preventing far UV-C exposure.

A wall-mounted far ultraviolet-C light device used for continuous air and surface decontamination in a dental office reduced aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on steel disks by >3 log10 in 2 hours in unshaded areas in a procedure room. Far ultraviolet-C delivery was substantially reduced in shaded areas.

Experimental solubility data for gibbsite and kaolinite are reviewed and applied to the problem of gibbsite stability within the natural environment. It is concluded that free alumina compounds formed (only) in lateritic soils will tend to silicify spontaneously in all sedimentary environments. This metasomatic reaction should be accompanied by massive volume expansion: unusual textures are to be anticipated.

Petrographic and field descriptions of a number of ancient kaolinitic sediments (some with, some without free alumina) are reviewed. It is concluded that silicification of hydrated aluminum oxides was an important mechanism of kaolinite formation in ancient sediments and that free alumina compounds persist only as a result of the unusual volume expansion associated with kaolinite formation.

A method is described for preparing electron-transparent sections of fine-grained argillaceous rocks suitable for making transmission micrographs. A sediment and a slate are used as examples. Sections perpendicular to bedding or cleavage yield diffraction patterns with clearly defined 00l reflections. These allow immediate identification of 7, 10 and 14 Å structures. The combination of detailed textural information with structural identification of individual phyllosilicate particles affords a powerful method for the investigation of late diagenetic and early metamorphic changes in sediments.

Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, particularly among adolescents. In recent years, suicidal ideation, attempts, and fatalities have increased. Systems maps can effectively represent complex issues such as suicide, thus providing decision-support tools for policymakers to identify and evaluate interventions. While network science has served to examine systems maps in fields such as obesity, there is limited research at the intersection of suicidology and network science. In this paper, we apply network science to a large causal map of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide to address this gap. The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently created a causal map that encapsulates ACEs and adolescent suicide in 361 concept nodes and 946 directed relationships. In this study, we examine this map and three similar models through three related questions: (Q1) how do existing network-based models of suicide differ in terms of node- and network-level characteristics? (Q2) Using the NCIPC model as a unifying framework, how do current suicide intervention strategies align with prevailing theories of suicide? (Q3) How can the use of network science on the NCIPC model guide suicide interventions?

The monoclonal antibody IACR-CCNj.3d has previously been used to isolate a gene (gp-col-8) with strong similarity to cuticular collagen from a mixed stage Globodera pallida cDNA expression library. The antibody has also been shown to label specifically the amphidial canal of pre-parasitic second stage juveniles (J2) of several plant nematode species without any reactivity on the cuticular surface, indicating that this protein is either not present or is inaccessible on the cuticular surface. This paper investigates the cross-reactivity of Mab IACR-CCNj.3d with Meloidogyne arenaria and the localization of the putative collagen protein on the cuticular surface of parasitic stages in planta and on the cuticular surface of juveniles inside eggs. The antigen was shown to be present in all developmental stages of the two species of potato cyst nematodes and M. arenaria. The antibody bound strongly to the amphidial canal and hypodermis of pre-parasitic J2 and adult females. The antigen was present on the cuticular surface of the sausage-shaped J2 in planta and of first stage juveniles (J1) inside the eggs. The presence of collagen on the surface of the cuticle of moulting stages of plant parasitic nematodes has been observed for the first time. It is clear that this protein has a role in the construction of the cuticle of the first stage juveniles and parasitic second stage juveniles, during moulting inside the eggs and in the root tissue, respectively.

In this article, we explore the impact of colliery closure programs across the nationalized British coal industry. We chart the regional disparities in these and the mobilization of community opposition to national protests, leading to the national miners’ strikes of 1972, 1974, and 1984–5. This article demonstrates how closures have changed the industrial politics of mining unions for miners, junior officials, and managers and have increasingly alienated NCB officials and mining communities. We demonstrate how this undermined the ideals of nationalization. This is examined through moral economic frameworks and within the context of changes to the UK’s energy mix, with implications for contemporary deliberations on public ownership, energy transitions, and regional development.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Reveal common immune mechanisms in dysregulated age-related lobular involution (ARLI) and post-partum lobular involution (PPLI) to understand their link to increased breast cancer risk, challenging the traditional view of their distinctiveness. Ultimately, to improve breast cancer risk assessment and personalized prevention METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease (BBD) cohort comprises of ~20,000 women with benign biopsies, including ~1000 women with sequential benign biopsies. Lobular involution (LI) status was assessed by selecting perimenopausal women, ages 45-55, with sequential biopsies, comparing acini number and lobule size between initial and subsequent biopsies. NanoString IO360/ BC360 RNA profiling identified differentially expressed genes associated with dysregulated LI. Using multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), I'll analyze and spatially map immune biomarkers related to dysregulated ARLI and PPLI in BBD tissue from perimenopausal women who did or did not go on to develop breast cancer, assessing the commonality of ARLI and PPLI markers and exploring their potential as risk biomarkers for breast cancer. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary findings link patients who display dysregulated ARLI with an increased breast cancer risk and identify vital PPLI biomarkers in perimenopausal women. I expect the biopsies of women who developed post-menopausal breast cancer (PMBC) and post-partum breast cancer (PPBC) to exhibit elevated levels of dysregulated ARLI immune biomarkers and PPLI biomarkers. Spatially mapping these markers promises to provide a more comprehensive understanding of their interactions, potentially revealing common immunological pathways. These findings could transform our current paradigm of ARLI and PPLI as distinct processes and demonstrate their interconnection in shaping breast cancer risk. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: PMBC and PPBC dominate majority of breast cancer cases. Both involve activation of the understudied process of lobular involution, which has been shown to have pro-tumorigenic traits. Elucidating these mechanisms will aid more efficient risk stratification and personalized prevention to reduce incidence and mortality of breast cancer.

The <0.1-μm size fraction of an Ordovician K-bentonite from northern Kentucky was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Using A.I.P.E. A. criteria for interstratification nomenclature and Reynolds’ computer algorithm the dominant clay mineral proved to be an R2 ordered illite/smectite. The best fit of observed and calculated XRD tracings was obtained using 12 > N > 5, where N is the number of layers within a diffracting domain.

Sections of the K-bentonite were prepared by ion-beam milling and examined in an analytical transmission electron microscope (ATEM). One-dimensional lattice images observed parallel to the a-b plane showed subparallel packets, about 50–100 Å thick, each of which consisted of about 10-Â thick unit layers. Somewhat thicker unit layers (as much as 14.5 Å) were also seen. The former are presumed to be illite, whereas the latter may be partially collapsed smectite. Selected-area electron diffraction patterns suggested simultaneous diffraction from several packets, each containing at least five layers. Both h0l and 0kl spacings were usually present, indicating that the stacking of the subparallel packets was random. Quantitative analysis by AEM and electron microprobe show the clay to be low in tetrahedral Al but high in octahedral Mg, the latter presumably contributing largely to the interlayer charge responsible for K fixation. The TEM data are broadly reconcilable with the accepted XRD interpretation of a two-component, mixed-layer clay. Alternatively, the TEM images may be interpreted as a single phase having numerous packet boundaries, the latter being responsible for swelling behavior. These two interpretations will not be fully reconciled until greater analytical precision and resolution permit individual packets to be studied. This work suggests that mineral definitions based purely on XRD interpretations may have to be reconsidered as more electron microscope data become available.